Studied by 5 people
here's the damn quiz
What is CRISPR
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. It edits or modifies dna to any gene,
Describe what “sticky enzymes” do:
locates gene of interest on donor dna
Dna polymerase and primers are added and cooled
Dna polymerase add complementary bases to each strand
Gene of interest is now separated from donor dna
What does PCR mean and explain how it works.
Polymerase chain reaction.
heat is added to separate segment of dna
dna polymerase and primers are added
dna polymerase adds complementary bases to strand
results are 2 identical copies of origonal segment of dna
When would using pcr be beneficial?
If you only have a small sample of tissue, you can use pcr to grow more cultures if samples are hard to come by.
When would using “sticky ends” be beneficial?
Are helpful in cloning because they hold two pieces of DNA together so they can be linked by DNA ligase.
What are the controversies regarding CRISPR?
The most controversial usage of CRISPR is the modification of human embryo DNA.
Explain how to use plasmids to transfer dna.
Dna segment is isolated, the bacterial plasmid is cut with restriction enzymes/ sticky ends.
2 segments are created and share complementary bases at their ends and fit together
Plasmids now have genes of interest and are inserted back into bacterial cell where it can be expressed
biotechnology can help
-prevent diseases
-cures diseases
-treat diseases
T or F?
True. but has limited success in curing diseases.
What is a transgenic organism?
a cell whose genome has been altered by the instertion of one or more donor DNA sequences
Growing bacterial colonies that carry the DNA of interest:
cloning
How does biotechnology Improve Food Nutrition and Farming Practices?
Through genetic engineering. Selecting desirable traits and breeding to produce better food.
Explain what the term STRs stands for and why it is useful in identifying DNA samples.
Shot Tandem Repeats. The number of repeating units in a dna sequence is very unique, which helps for identification of a person.
what is dna recombinant technology?
Altering genetic material outside an organism to obtain enhanced and desired characteristics in living organisms. Involves the insertion of DNA fragments.
Telomeres
are non-coating structures at the tip of chromosomes that helps protect them during cell-division. Each cell division wears away the telomeres until eventually telomeres get shorter and DNA becomes exposed.
What does uncontrolled cell-division and telomere rebuilding eventually lead to?
Cancer. Telomere rebuilding after cell division is rare in most cases because they wear away.
What type of cell has linear chromosomes?
Eukaryotes
What type of cell has circular chromosomes?
Prokaryotes
Binary fission
Happens in division 2. -cells create replications of each chromosome -parent cell divides -is asexual reproduction (basically just the cell dividing in half to make two copies)
Somatic cells:
non-sex cells
DNA complementary:
complementary base pairing that produces 2 identical daughter strands of dna. It is semi-conservative because every new strand was partially derived from an old parent strand.
Okazaki fragments
dna made in fragments and then put back together.
What are all the cell checkpoints?
G1/S phase, G2 phase, M phase
What is mitosis?
Asexual replication of cells. -regrows skin/ other organs to heal wounds -aids in growth
Apoptosis:
the suicide of cells that are genetically damaged.
List the phases of mitosis
Interphase (chromosomes replicate in the nucleus)Prophase (Chromatids condense into chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down)Late prophase (spindle fibers and chromosomes are now compact and condensed)Metaphase (chromosomes line up in the center and spindle fibers attach and start to pull apart)Anaphase (pulls apart chromosomes)Telophase (nucleus membrane starts to encapsulate two new cells)Cytokinesis (cytoplasm divides into 2 complete daughter cells)
What is contact inhibition in cancer cells?
where cancer cells divide and infect other cells when it comes in contact. They have a reduced stickiness to themselves making them stick to more healthy cells.
How do cancer cell kill healthy cells?
By blocking their nutrients such as oxygen.
What is asexual reproduction and examples?
When a cell reproduces with a single parent cell. Ex: fungi and most plants.
What is sexual reproduction and examples?
When a cell reproduces with 2 parent cells resulting in a fusion of gametes and fertilization. Ex: Humans, animals, Pine trees.
What is the differenceof meiosis from mitosis?
Meiosis uses sexual reproduction of cells. It makes gametes that are different from each other.
List the phases of meiosis
Interphase (chromosomes are duplicated and centromeres appear.)Prophase (separates the duplicated genetic material from nucleus of parent cell into two daughter cells)Metaphase (nucleus dissolves and the cell's chromosomes align in the center of cell.)Anaphase (Each chromosome is pulled apart into two identical, independent chromosomes)Telophase (spindle fibers disappear, nucleous starts to assemble around the chromosomes)Cytokinesis (The cell membranes finally pinches the two cells apart)
Diploid cells
2 sets of chromosomes. Are somatic cells (non-sex cells). Ex: liver cells are diploids
Haploid cells
make 1 set of chromosomes. Are sexually repducing cells. Ex: human egg and sperm cells are haploids.
Why is 'crossing over' genetic material important?
They allow for genetic variation as they chromosomes swap information (aka genetic recombination). Chiasmata is the location of where the chromosomes have crossed over.
What are benefits to sexual reproduction?
Allows for genetically varied organisms that are able to adapt better to changing environments. Best for unstable environments.
What are the benefits of asexual reproduction?
Allows for clones of organisms that are fully adapted to their environments. Best for stable environments.
Explain genotype determination
Humans have X and Y chromosomes. Males have XY and females have XX. The X chromosomes contain the MOST information and are generally bigger than the Y chromosome. Y Chromosomes just contain information of the testes for males.
Protandry (protandrous)
switches gender from male to female
Protogyny (protogynous)
switches gender from female to male
Sequential hermaphrodites
Means organisms will switch genders either with age or by command.
Down Syndrome/ trisomny 21
is when an organism is revealed to have an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Nondisjunction
uneven distribution of chromosomes during cell division
Aneupliody
zero or missing chromosomes during cell division, due to nondisjunction.
Turner syndrome (female)
-sperm did not carry Y chromosome -short -webbed skin between neck and shoulders -under developed ovaries
Klinefelter syndrome (male)
-2 X chromosomes -under developed testicles -lower testosterone levels -development of some female features -long limbs, slightly taller than average
XYY male (super males)
-taller than average -moderate to severe acne -intelligence may be slightly below average
XXX females
-may be sterile -no obvious physical or mental problems -sometimes called "metafemales"
Cell cycle for meiosis and mitosis in order:
G1, G2, Prohpase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis.
What phase is dna replicated?
S phase (during interphase)
What is the difference of mitosis from meiosis?
Mitosis produces 2 identical daughter cells and is an asexual form of reproduction.
Why do germ cells undergo meiosis?
To produce gametes.
Gene Therapy
Process that replaces faulty genes in order to cure genetic diseases
Transgenic Organism
Organisms with DNA from another species
Restriction Enzymes
Enzyme used to cut DNA at a specific sequence
Transformed Bacteria
Bacteria with a plasmid containing a new gene
GMO
Genetically modified organism
DNA Fingerprint
Can be used to determine identity and relatedness through looking at fragments of DNA
Gel Electrophoresis
Process that separates DNA fragments by length using a gel
Clone
Identical copy of an organism
Genetic Engineering
Modifying the characteristics of an organism
Plasmid
Small section of DNA found only in Prokaryotes
Recombinant DNA
A mix of two different types of DNA
In snapdragons, flower color is inherited as a trait with incomplete dominance. There is an allele, CW, that produces no pigment, and an allele, CR, that produces red pigment. A plant with the CWCR genotype will produce _________________ flowers.
pink
Sex-linked traits:
are controlled by genes on the X and Y chromosomes
Which phenomenon accounts for the fact that most people with red hair have freckles?
linked genes
An allele is dominant when it:
masks the effects of another allele
All of the offspring of a red carnation crossed with a white carnation are pink. The simplest explanation for this pattern of inheritance is
incomplete dominance
Which parental genotypes for a given gene with dominant and recessive alleles would facilitate predicting the phenotype of offspring for that trait with relative certainty?
Both parents are homozygous recessive
Which of the choices below best explains the mechanism by which a pair of linked alleles could become separated?
recombination
Given what you know about multiple allelism and blood type, which of the following statements are true?
a. The A, B, and O alleles are all equally dominant. \n \n b. The A and B alleles are codominant with each other. \n \n c. There are 3 different blood genotypes. \n \n d. The different possible blood type genotypes result in 6 different phenotypes. \n \n e. O is dominant to all blood types.
b. The A and B alleles are codominant with each other
What are the typical genotypic ratios for the traits in the offspring of a dihybrid cross?
1:2:1 for both traits
A type of family tree that is used to document the inheritance of traits over many generations is known as
A Pedigree
If a male with color-blindness (sex-related variety) and a female with normal vision have a color-blind son, what can you infer about the parents?
The mother was a carrier for color-blindness
Alleles that are linked on the same chromosome:
will likely be passed on to offspring in one bundle
Why might a researcher decide to use fruit flies as test subjects in studying inheritance patterns of a particular gene?
They have large numbers of offspring in each generation and relatively fast generation time
Which of the following statements is true regarding a cross between a homozygous albino female giraffe (aa) and a heterozygous pigmented male giraffe (Aa)?
There is a 50% chance that the offspring will be albino
Albinism (lack of skin and hair pigmentation) is caused by a recessive autosomal allele. A woman and man, both normally pigmented, have an albino child together. For this trait, what is the genotype of the albino child?
homozygous recessive
If a woman who is a carrier for Tay-Sachs has children with a man who is not a Tay-Sachs carrier, what is the probability that one of their children will be a carrier for Tay-Sachs? (Sketch a Punnett square to help you find the correct answer.)
50%
In a cross between two tall plants with yellow seeds that are heterozygous on both traits (TtYy), suppose Mendel discovered that a small number of offspring (5-6%) from these parents were short and green (ttyy). What does this say about the T and Y genes?
They sort independently of each other
Looking at the information in the table above, if the A allele results in normal pigmentation and the a allele in albinism, what fraction of offspring would you expect to show albinism?
1/4
If, when in a heterozygous state, one allele masks the effect of the other allele, the masked allele is referred to as:
recessive
In peas, yellow seeds (Y) are dominant to green seeds (y). A homozygous dominant and a homozygous recessive plant are crossed and have two offspring. These two offspring are then crossed with each other. What are the chances that the second generation of offspring (the offspring of the first offspring) will have yellow seeds?
75%
A man who is color-blind marries and has children by a woman who has normal color vision. The woman's father had normal color vision but her mother was color-blind. Color-blindness is an X-linked recessive disorder. What are the chances that this man and woman will give birth to a color-blind girl (restated: of all the possible children, how many would be female and color-blind)?
25%
What blood is known as the universal donor because it lacks antigens? AKA “Golden Blood”
O+
What blood is know as the universal receiver? AKA rarest blood type. AKA my personal blood type ;)
AB-
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