EarthScience

II EXAMEN I SEMESTER

Matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Pure substances

These materials are made of just one kind of particle

Mixtures

Are physical combinations of two or more substances

Solids

The attraction between particles is greater than their ability to move away from each other

Liquids

Can move around but are still close together. They don’t have a fixed shape, but their volumes are constant.

Gases

Are far apart and move very fast. They have almost no attraction for each other. They don’t have a fixed shape or a constant volume.

Plasma

The fourth state of matter. They act like gases, but their particles move move so fast and collide so hard that they break apart and become electrically charged.The plasma of the surface of the sun is approximately 8700 °F (4800 °C).

Melting

Is the process of a solid turning into liquid

Freezing

If a liquid cools, the opposites happens. The particles slow down until their attraction to each other locks them into fixed positions

Vaporization

The gaseous state of a pure liquid substance is its vapor. The change from the liquid state to a vapor

Boiling

Vaporization can happen quickly in a process called boiling. As the liquid heats up, its particles move faster and push on each other more to extert pressure. When the pressure becomes sufficiently high, the particles push far enough apart to form a bubble

Evaporation

Vaporization can also occur at temperatures below the boiling point. This is a slower process called evaporation. Particles in a liquid move around, bumbing and jostling each other

Condensation

The opposite of vaporization is condensation. As a vapor cools, the particles slow down and have less energy. When they collide, they no longer have enough energy to overcome their attractive forces. As vapor particles clump together, they begin to form droplets of liquid.

Sublimation

Though occuring less often, solids can change directly into vapor without first becoming a liquid. The solid appears to shrink and disappear. You may notice this as ice cubes in a freezer sublimate over many weeks

Deposition

Is the opposite of sublimation, as particles change directly from vapor states can collect on cold surfaces, forming the solid state without becoming a liquid first. Frost is thedeposition of water vapor on a sub-freezing surface. Snowflakes form when water deposits on particles in the air

Mass

Is a quantity of matter in the nugget. The mass of an object is the same no matter where you measure it. Mass is measured in grams (g) or kilograms (kg) in the metric system

Weight

Is the gravitional attraction for an object’s mass. This can vary with location because gravity is not exactly the same from place to place. For example, things weigh more at sea level than at the top of a tall mountain. Units of weight include the pound (ib) and the newton (N)

Volume

You could also measure the nugget’s volume, or the space it occupies. Quarts (qt), gallons (gal), liters (L), mililiters (mL), cubic meters (m3), and cubic centemeters (cm3) are all units of volume. Different units of volume may be used for different states of matter

Force

Is a push or a pull. You can see that this is another operational definition. It doesn’t really define force in more basic terms. It just describes the tests something must pass to be a force. Besides that, the words push and pull can’t be defined unless you use the word ¨force¨

Gravity

Gives things weight. It acts on every particle of a substance. This is why the gas particles in the atmosphere don’t float off into space. You stand on the ground because gravity pulls you toward the center of the earth. But the ground is also pushing against your feet. Theese balanced forces allow you to stand still, neither rising nor sinking