AP US History Review Flashcards

APUSH flashcards covering labor movements, Native Americans, women, and African Americans, highlighting key terms, events, people, tactics, and legislation.

National Labor Union (1866)

Early champion of worker rights, supported reforms like the 8-hour workday.

Knights of Labor (1869)

Inclusive union that allowed both skilled & unskilled workers. Headed by Terrance Powderly.

American Federation of Labor (AFL) (1886)

Focused on "Bread and Butter" issues for skilled workers. Founded by Samuel Gompers.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) (1905)

Known for its radical approach to labor organizing; advocated for industrial unionism and direct action.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) (1935)

Prominent in organizing industrial unions, especially in the 1930s and 1940s. Merged with AFL in 1955.

United Farm Workers (1962)

Formed for agricultural laborers. Founded by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.

Great Railroad Strike (1877)

Nationwide protest against railroad wage cuts. President Hayes used federal troops to put down.

Haymarket Square Riot (1886)

Clash during Chicago labor rally for eight-hour workday. Led to decline of Knights of Labor.

Homestead Strike (1892)

Conflict over wages and union representation at Carnegie Steel. Pinkertons sent in by Henry Clay Frick.

Pullman Strike (1894)

Railroad strike over wage cuts. Led by Eugene V. Debs and the American Railway Union. Court injunction forced strikers back to work.

Anthracite Coal Strike (1902)

Coal miners' strike for better wages and conditions. Teddy Roosevelt sided with strikers for the first time.

Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)

Legalized labor unions & collective bargaining

Lochner v. New York (1905)

Ruled against state regulation of working hours

Department of Labor (1913)

Federal agency focused on labor issues & worker rights

Wagner Act (1935)

Legalized collective bargaining & protected workers' rights to unionize

Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)

Established minimum wage, overtime pay, & child labor standards

Fair Employment Practices Committee (1941)

Prohibited racial discrimination in employment during WWII

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

Restricted labor union activities like strikes & boycotts

Anglo-Powhatan War (1622)

Conflict between Virginia settlers & Powhatan Confederacy, Led to collapse of Virginia Co. and decimated Powhatan Tribe

Pequot Wars (1636-1638)

Conflict between English settlers & Pequot in New England

Metacom (AKA: King Philip)

Wampanoag leader led resistance against English colonists in King Philip's War (1675-1678)

Iroquois Confederacy

Group of 6 Native nations near the Great Lakes who joined together for mutual support and governance

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

Successful uprising against the Spanish; Led by Popé; Aimed at preserving Pueblo culture & independence

Pontiac's Rebellion (1763)

Uprising in the Great Lakes; Caused by discontent over British policies and colonial migration after the French & Indian War

Treaty of Greenville (1795)

Agreement between Native tribes & the U.S. government; Natives ceded lands in Ohio to the U.S.

Sacagawea

Shoshone Interpreter and guide for the Lewis and Clark Expedition; Contributed to Westward exploration

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole; Adopted European customs & practices

Bureau of Indian Affairs (1824)

Federal agency established to oversee Native American affairs

Trail of Tears (1831-1850)

Forced relocation of thousands of Natives, mainly Cherokee, from their homelands to Oklahoma

Worcester v. GA (1832)

Court ruled that states couldn't make laws that affected Native tribes; Confirmed Native sovereignty

Black Hawk War (1832)

Conflict between Sauk & Fox tribes against the U.S. in Illinois and Wisconsin

Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)

Agreement between the U.S. and various Plains tribes; Repeatedly violated by white settlers

Sand Creek Massacre (1864)

Brutal attack by U.S. troops on Cheyenne and Arapaho, including women and children, in Colorado

Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)

Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse battled the 7th Cavalry of the US Army; resulted in the defeat of General Custer. Known as "Custer's Last Stand

Chief Joseph

Nez Perce leader; Led a resistance against forced relocation in the late 19th century

Carlisle Indian School (1879-1918)

Forced assimilation of Native children into American culture through education & vocational training

A Century of Dishonor (1881)

Book by Helen Hunt Jackson; Highlighted mistreatment of Natives by the U.S. government

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

Divided Native American reservation land into individual plots; Forced Native assimilation; Dismantled Tribes

Ghost Dance

Spiritual movement that aimed to restore Native traditional ways of life; Suppressed by U.S. government

Wounded Knee (1890)

Massacre of Sioux at Wounded Knee Creek; Ended major Native American resistance in the Plains Wars

Indian Citizenship Act (1924)

Granted U.S. citizenship to all Native Americans

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

Aimed to reverse assimilation policies by promoting tribal self-government and preserving tribal lands

Navajo Code Talkers

Native Americans who served during WWII; Used their native language to transmit coded messages to support the war effort

Indian Civil Rights Act (1964)

Extended constitutional rights to Native Americans living on reservations

American Indian Movement (AIM) (1969)

Activist group advocating for Native American rights, sovereignty, and self-determination

County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation (1985)

Supreme Court ruling recognizing Native American land rights; Ordered the return of seized lands to the Oneida Indian Nation

Anne Hutchinson

Challenged gender roles and Puritan religious authority in the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Sacagawea

Interpreter and guide for the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Contributed to Westward exploration

Abigail Adams

Penned her famous letter to husband John Adams to "remember the ladies" when shaping the new nation

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Leader of the movement for women's suffrage. Drafted the Declaration of Sentiments

Sojourner Truth

Abolitionist and women's rights activist. Delivered the "Ain't I a Woman?" speech for gender and racial equality

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of "Uncle Tom's Cabin." Novel fueled anti-slavery sentiment in the North and helped start the Civil War

Harriet Tubman

Conductor of the Underground Railroad. Led enslaved individuals to freedom in the North

Jane Addams

Founder of the Hull House in Chicago. Advocated for improved conditions for the poor and immigrants living in cities

Ida B Wells

Journalist and anti-lynching activist. Exposed the horrors of lynching in America and advocated for racial justice

Alice Paul

Co-founder of the National Woman's Party. Organized marches and protests to secure women's right to vote

Carrie A Nation

Temperance advocate. Used unconventional methods like raiding saloons with a hatchet

Rosa Parks

Sparked the Montgomery bus boycott by refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger. Led to bus desegregation

Eleanor Roosevelt

Transformed the role of the First Lady. Advocated for the New Deal. Chairwoman of the UN Human Rights Commission

Betty Friedan

Her book "The Feminine Mystique" challenged gender roles and ignited a modern wave of feminism. Co-founded the National Organization for Women

Phillis Wheatley

Female poet & author who published works while enslaved in the late 1700s

Nat Turner

Led 1831 slave rebellion in Virginia, sparking debates over abolition

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave turned abolitionist, writer who published his narrative & The North Star

Harriet Tubman

"Black Moses" who led hundreds to freedom on the Underground Railroad

Hiram Revels

1st African American U.S. Senator, elected during Reconstruction with 15th Amendment

Booker T. Washington

Educator and advocate for vocational training; founded the Tuskegee Institute

W.E.B. Du Bois

Scholar and NAACP co-founder; supported the "Talented Tenth"

A. Philip Randolph

Labor leader who fought against employment discrimination

Martin Luther King Jr.

Civil rights leader who advocated for nonviolent protest; wrote Letter from a Birmingham Jail

Malcolm X

Black nationalist leader; Advocated for civil rights and self-defense

Stokely Carmichael

SNCC leader; Advocated for Black Power

Barack Obama

1st black President, historic symbol of progress

Exodusters

African American migrants who escaped the post-Civil War South for opportunities in the West

Harlem Renaissance Artists

1920s cultural movement showcasing African American talent in literature, music, and art

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Founded by MLK, Jr.; promoted non-violent activism during the Civil Rights Movement

Black Panthers

Militant group advocating black empowerment, community self-defense, and social justice

NAACP

National organization striving for racial equality through advocacy and legal action

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee

Youth-led organization dedicated to civil rights activism. Organized protests like sit-ins

Black Lives Matter

Grassroots movement combating systemic racism and police brutality

Middle Passage

Brutal journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Ruled segregation in public schools unconstitutional

Stono Rebellion (1739)

Slave revolt in South Carolina; one of the largest uprisings in colonial America

Great Migration (1910-1970)

Movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban North for better opportunities

Double V Campaign (1942-1945)

WWII campaign for victory against fascism abroad and racism at home

Tulsa Race Massacre (1921)

The destruction of the prosperous Greenwood district, known as "Black Wall Street," by a white mob: hundreds killed or wounded.

LA Riots (1992)

A period of civil unrest sparked by the acquittal of police officers in the Rodney King beating case. Revealed racial tensions and social injustices.