AP US History Review Flashcards

APUSH Labor

• National Labor Union (1866):
  • Early champion of worker rights.
  • Supported reforms like the 8-hour workday.
• Knights of Labor (1869):
  • Inclusive union that allowed both skilled & unskilled workers.
  • Headed by Terrance Powderly.
• American Federation of Labor (AFL) (1886):
  • Focused on "Bread and Butter" issues for skilled workers.
  • Founded by Samuel Gompers.
• Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) (1905):
  • Known for its radical approach to labor organizing.
  • Advocated for industrial unionism and direct action.
• Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) (1935):
  • Prominent in organizing industrial unions, especially in the 1930s and 1940s.
  • Merged with AFL in 1955.
• United Farm Workers (1962):
  • Formed for agricultural laborers.
  • Founded by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.

STRIKES

• Great Railroad Strike (1877):
  • Nationwide protest against railroad wage cuts.
  • President Hayes used federal troops to put down the strike.
• Haymarket Square Riot (1886):
  • Clash during Chicago labor rally for eight-hour workday.
  • Led to decline of Knights of Labor.
• Homestead Strike (1892):
  • Conflict over wages and union representation at Carnegie Steel.
  • Pinkertons sent in by Henry Clay Frick.
• Pullman Strike (1894):
  • Railroad strike over wage cuts.
  • Led by Eugene V. Debs and the American Railway Union.
  • Court injunction forced strikers back to work.
• Anthracite Coal Strike (1902):
  • Coal miners' strike for better wages and conditions.
  • Teddy Roosevelt sided with strikers for the first time.

UNION TACTICS

• Collective Bargaining
• Picketing
• Strikes
• Slow Downs

ANTI-UNION TACTICS

• Lockouts
• Yellow Dog Contracts
• Scabs
• Blacklists
• Court Injunctions

LEGAL & LEGISLATIVE ACTIONS

• Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842): Legalized labor unions & collective bargaining.
• Lochner v. New York (1905): Ruled against state regulation of working hours.
• Department of Labor (1913): Federal agency focused on labor issues & worker rights.
• Wagner Act (1935): Legalized collective bargaining & protected workers' rights to unionize.
• Fair Labor Standards Act (1938): Established minimum wage, overtime pay, & child labor standards.
• Fair Employment Practices Committee (1941): Prohibited racial discrimination in employment during WWII.
• Taft-Hartley Act (1947): Restricted labor union activities like strikes & boycotts (setback).

APUSH Native Americans

• North America (Period 1):
  • Small, semi-permanent settlements.
  • Men hunted, women farmed & gathered.
  • Great Plains tribes hunted buffalo.
  • Pueblo developed farming & irrigation.
• Central/South America (Period 1):
  • Mayan: lived in rainforests of Mesoamerica, developed advanced calendars
  • Aztec: powerful empire in central Mexico, capital city of Tenochtitlán
  • Inca: based in Peru, extensive road networks & organized political systems
  • Main food supply was corn (maize) for Aztecs and Mayans, Potatoes for Incas
• Anglo-Powhatan War (1622): Conflict between Virginia settlers & Powhatan Confederacy. Led to collapse of Virginia Co. and decimated Powhatan Tribe.
• Pequot Wars (1636-1638): Conflict between English settlers & Pequot in New England.
• Metacom (AKA: King Philip): Wampanoag leader led resistance against English colonists in King Philip's War (1675-1678).
• Iroquois Confederacy: Group of 6 Native nations near the Great Lakes who joined together for mutual support and governance.
• Pueblo Revolt (1680): Successful uprising against the Spanish; Led by Popé; Aimed at preserving Pueblo culture & independence.
• Pontiac's Rebellion (1763): Uprising in the Great Lakes; Caused by discontent over British policies and colonial migration after the French & Indian War.
• Treaty of Greenville (1795): Agreement between Native tribes & the U.S. government; Natives ceded lands in Ohio to the U.S.
• Sacagawea: Shoshone Interpreter and guide for the Lewis and Clark Expedition; Contributed to Westward exploration.
• Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole; Adopted European customs & practices.
• Bureau of Indian Affairs (1824): Federal agency established to oversee Native American affairs.
• Trail of Tears (1831-1850): Forced relocation of thousands of Natives, mainly Cherokee, from their homelands to Oklahoma.
• Worcester v. GA (1832): Court ruled that states couldn't make laws that affected Native tribes; Confirmed Native sovereignty.
• Black Hawk War (1832): Conflict between Sauk & Fox tribes against the U.S. in Illinois and Wisconsin.
• Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851): Agreement between the U.S. and various Plains tribes; Repeatedly violated by white settlers.
• Sand Creek Massacre (1864): Brutal attack by U.S. troops on Cheyenne and Arapaho, including women and children, in Colorado.
• Battle of Little Bighorn (1876): Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse battled the 7th Cavalry of the US Army; resulted in the defeat of General Custer. Known as "Custer's Last Stand"
• Chief Joseph: Nez Perce leader; Led a resistance against forced relocation in the late 19th century.
• Carlisle Indian School (1879-1918): Forced assimilation of Native children into American culture through education & vocational training.
• A Century of Dishonor (1881): Book by Helen Hunt Jackson; Highlighted mistreatment of Natives by the U.S. government.
• Dawes Severalty Act (1887): Divided Native American reservation land into individual plots; Forced Native assimilation; Dismantled Tribes.
• Ghost Dance: Spiritual movement that aimed to restore Native traditional ways of life; Suppressed by U.S. government.
• Wounded Knee (1890): Massacre of Sioux at Wounded Knee Creek; Ended major Native American resistance in the Plains Wars.
• Indian Citizenship Act (1924): Granted U.S. citizenship to all Native Americans.
• Indian Reorganization Act (1934): Aimed to reverse assimilation policies by promoting tribal self-government and preserving tribal lands.
• Navajo Code Talkers: Native Americans who served during WWII; Used their native language to transmit coded messages to support the war effort.
• Indian Civil Rights Act (1964): Extended constitutional rights to Native Americans living on reservations; Included protections against discrimination and unfair treatment
• American Indian Movement (AIM) (1969): Activist group advocating for Native American rights, sovereignty, and self-determination; Organized the Occupy Alcatraz protest
• County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation (1985): Supreme Court ruling recognizing Native American land rights; Ordered the return of seized lands to the Oneida Indian Nation

APUSH Women

• Abigail Adams: Penned her famous letter to husband John Adams to "remember the ladies" when shaping the new nation.
• Anne Hutchinson: Challenged gender roles and Puritan religious authority in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Leader of the movement for women's suffrage. Drafted the Declaration of Sentiments.
• Sacagawea: Interpreter and guide for the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Contributed to Westward exploration.
• Harriet Beecher Stowe: Author of "Uncle Tom's Cabin." Novel fueled anti-slavery sentiment in the North and helped start the Civil War.
• Sojourner Truth: Abolitionist and women's rights activist. Delivered the "Ain't I a Woman?" speech for gender and racial equality.
• Harriet Tubman: Conductor of the Underground Railroad. Led enslaved individuals to freedom in the North.
• Jane Addams: Founder of the Hull House in Chicago. Advocated for improved conditions for the poor and immigrants living in cities.
• Ida B Wells: Journalist and anti-lynching activist. Exposed the horrors of lynching in America and advocated for racial justice.
• Alice Paul: Co-founder of the National Woman's Party. Organized marches and protests to secure women's right to vote.
• Carrie A Nation: Temperance advocate. Used unconventional methods like raiding saloons with a hatchet.
• Eleanor Roosevelt: Transformed the role of the First Lady. Advocated for the New Deal. Chairwoman of the UN Human Rights Commission.
• Rosa Parks: Sparked the Montgomery bus boycott by refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger. Led to bus desegregation.
• Betty Friedan: Her book "The Feminine Mystique" challenged gender roles and ignited a modern wave of feminism. Co-founded the National Organization for Women.

APUSH African Americans

Key People

• Phillis Wheatley: Female poet & author who published works while enslaved in the late 1700s.
• Nat Turner: Led 1831 slave rebellion in Virginia, sparking debates over abolition.
• Sojourner Truth: Abolitionist and women's rights advocate, "Ain't I a woman" & "40 years a slave" speeches.
• Frederick Douglass: Escaped slave turned abolitionist, writer who published his narrative & The North Star.
• Harriet Tubman: "Black Moses" who led hundreds to freedom on the Underground Railroad.
• Hiram Revels: 1st African American U.S. Senator, elected during Reconstruction with 15th Amendment.
• Ida B. Wells: Journalist & activist, exposed horrors of lynching
• Booker T. Washington: Educator and advocate for vocational training; founded the Tuskegee Institute.
• W.E.B. Du Bois: Scholar and NAACP co-founder; supported the "Talented Tenth".
• A. Philip Randolph: Labor leader who fought against employment discrimination.
• Martin Luther King Jr.: Civil rights leader who advocated for nonviolent protest; wrote Letter from a Birmingham Jail.
• Rosa Parks: Sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, symbol of resistance, NAACP member.
• Malcolm X: Black nationalist leader; Advocated for civil rights and self-defense.
• Stokely Carmichael: SNCC leader; Advocated for Black Power.
• Barack Obama: 1st black President, historic symbol of progress.

Groups to Know

• NAACP: National organization striving for racial equality through advocacy and legal action.
• Tuskegee Airmen: Courageous African American aviators who served in World War II.
• Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee: Youth-led organization dedicated to civil rights activism. Organized protests like sit-ins.
• Southern Christian Leadership Conference: Founded by MLK, Jr.; promoted non-violent activism during the Civil Rights Movement.
• Black Panthers: Militant group advocating black empowerment, community self-defense, and social justice.
• Black Lives Matter: Grassroots movement combating systemic racism and police brutality.

Events & Developments

• Middle Passage: Brutal journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.
• Stono Rebellion (1739): Slave revolt in South Carolina; one of the largest uprisings in colonial America.
• 13th Amendment (1865): Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.
• Exodusters: African American migrants who escaped the post-Civil War South for opportunities in the West.
• Great Migration (1910-1970): Movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban North for better opportunities.
• Harlem Renaissance Artists: 1920s cultural movement showcasing African American talent in literature, music, and art.
• Tulsa Race Massacre (1921): The destruction of the prosperous Greenwood district, known as "Black Wall Street," by a white mob: hundreds killed or wounded.
• Double V Campaign (1942-1945): World War II-era campaign for victory against fascism abroad and racism at home.
• Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Ruled segregation in public schools unconstitutional; Overturned "separate but equal" doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).
• LA Riots (1992): A period of civil unrest sparked by the acquittal of police officers in the Rodney King beating case. Revealed racial tensions and social injustices.