BIO-1161 Blood and Circulation

erythrocytes

carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, makes up 45% of blood volume

leukocytes

defending the body against infections and foreign substances, plays a role in the immune response. makes up less than 1% of blood volume.

platelets/thrombocytes

involved in blood clotting and wound healing. Makes up less than 1% of blood volume

plasma

transport nutrients, hormones, and waste products. makes up about ~55% of blood volume.

hemostasis

a protective response from the body to prevent blood loss through the formation of blood clots.

What are the steps involved in hemostasis?

1. blood vessel constricts

2. platelets gather at sight of injury

3. fibrin strands form to stabilize the clot

4. fibrin pulls together to close the woundand promote healing.

What typically causes platelets to begin clotting

exposure of the collagen fibres in the damaged blood vessel wall

What is spectrin?

helps maintain the shape of erythrocytes by forming a flexible cytoskeleton within the cell.

polycythemia

A condition characterized by an increased number of red blood cells in the bloodstream, leading to thicker blood and potential circulation issues. (high hematocrit)

Anemia

a condition caused by a deficiency in erythrocytes or a hemoglobin deficiency. (low hematocrit)

What are some causes of polycythemia?

• dehydration

• blood doping

• blood transfusions

• high altitudes

• COPD

• blood related cancers

what are the different types of anemia?

• macrocytic

  • enlarged macrocytes

• sickle cell

  • sickle shaped erythrocytes

• hypochromic

  • low hemoglobin, iron deficient

• aplastic

  • bone marrow can’t produce enough macrocytes

• hemorrhage

  • lose of blood

• leukemia

  • cancer of the leukocytes

• renal

  • can’t produce erythropoietic cells

• erythroblastosis fetalis

  • Rhesus factor during pregnancy

What are the different types of leukocytes?

• Neutrophils

• Lymphocytes

• Monocytes

• Eosinophils

• Basophils

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

neutrophils

engulf and digest pathogens through phagocytosis. Pac-Man cells

lymphocytes

recognize pathogens and attack them through T-cells, B-cells create antibodies to prevent further infections.

monocytes

large white blood cells that differentiate into macrophages, engulf pathogens and clean up waste in the blood.

basophils

WBC’s that secrete histamines and heparin

what are the three leukocytes disorders?

• leukopenia

  • low WBC

• leukocytosis

  • high WBC

• leukemia

  • Cancer of hemopoietic tissue, can’t produce WBC

  • types: Myeloid and Lymphoid

Albumin

A protein in blood plasma that maintains pH and osmotic pressure, and transports hormones, vitamins, and drugs.

globulins

A group of proteins in blood plasma that play roles in immune response and transport.

What are the 3 types of globulin?

• alpha

• beta

• gamma

Fibrinogen

a plasma protein that is converted to fibrin which adheres to the site of injury to aid in clotting

prothrombin

a plasma protein converted to thrombin to clot blood.