History-Era of Good Feelings

Effects of war of 1812

• confirms us independence

• sense of nationalism

• boost in manufacturing

• problems in transportation

• convinced dem-reps to support a strong fed gov

What else is going on after the war?

• industrial revolution

• growth of slavery

• need to unite the country

What is happening with manufacturing in the North?

• industrializes because of war of 1812

• cash crops are not effective

• lowell is manufacturing center

• cotton gin (1793)

• by 1804 most states abolished slavery

What is happening with manufacturing in the South?

• little incentive to industrialize

• cotton gin

• cotton kingdom or “king cotton”

• demand for slaves grew

What is happening with manufacturing in the NorthWest?

• raised either crops or livestock

• sold goods at city markets

What did Henry Clay of Kentucky propose?

1. national bank

2. protective tariff 

3. national transportation system

What was the national bank that Henry Clay proposed?

A second national bank of the US (1816)

What was the protective tariff that Henry Clay proposed?

• 25% duty on most imported factory goods

• sectional economic differences lead to different impact (who would support it?)

What was the national transportation system that Henry Clay proposed?

• need for internal improvements

• vetoed by Madison (constitutional?)

James Monroe and the Era of Good Feelings

• Elected in 1816

• went on good will tours

• lack of partisanship (one party)

• post-war nationalism

• focussed on the development of the country

• several peace treaties

problems with the era of good feelings

• tariff issues

• banks issues —> panic of 1800

• growing pains in the west —> sectionalism in 9 new states

Marbury vs. Madison Constitutional questions

Did the Supreme Court have the right to award judges commissions? 

Did Marbury have the right to the commission? 

Scotus ruling for Marbury vs. Madison

The Supreme Court grants commissions to judges by the Judiciary Act of 1789 - Judiciary Act  was unconstitutional according to John Marshall. 

established “judicial review” - the idea that the Supreme Court declares laws constitutional or unconstitutional.

McCulloch vs. Maryland constitutional question

Does the US Congress have the power to create, open, and operate a bank? 

Can state governments interfere with the operations of a national agency? Can they tax federal agencies? 

What powers not listed in the US constitution does the federal government have? 

McCulloch vs. Maryland Scotus ruling

the bank is legal because the necessary and proper clause (article II section VIII) gives Congress the power to do that which is necessary for the nation to function

Maryland can’t tax the federal government institution   

establishes the supremacy of the federal government over the states.

gibbons vs. ogden constitutional question

Did Congress have an exclusive right to regulate interstate commerce or  was this a “concurrent” power to be shared with the states?

Could New York state grant a monopoly that operates across multiple states?  

Did the federal or state governments have the right to regulate interstate commerce? 

gibbons vs. Ogden scouts ruling

New York State wrote a law that violated the US Constitution. 

The power to regulate interstate commerce rests with only the federal government. 

Article III grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce.

Marbury v. Madison expansion of federal power

Judicial review: can rule which laws are constitutional

McCulloch vs. Maryland expansion of federal power

Supremacy of federal government over states; necessary and proper clause

Gibbons vs. Ogdens expansion at federal power

The power to regulate commerce is with the federal government     

John Quincy Adams

established foreign policies guided by nationalism-national interests should be placed ahead of regional concerns

Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)

allows for the US+Canada to demilitarize their border

Convention of 1818

fixes the US 48th parallel to the rocky mountains

Adams-Onis treaty

spain ceded florida to US, and gave up their oregon claims

What were reasons people wanted to expand west?

• to escape debt or law 

• for economic gain, land was fertile and cheap

• changing occupation was easier

James Tallmadge

congressman, amended missouri’s bill for statehood requiring them to slowly free slaves

Section 1 of the Monroe Doctrine is about?

agreements in the Oregon country

Section 2 of the Monroe Doctrine is about?

wars of Napoleon in europe

Section 3 of the Monroe Doctrine is about?

war of 1812

Section 4 of the Monroe Doctrine is about?

reports that France might help Spain regain its colonies in Latin america

Section 5 of the Monroe Doctrine is about?

latin american revolution against spain

Section 6 of the Monroe Doctrine is about?

the wars of Napoleon in europe

What does Monroe say to the European powers in section 1?

the American continents will no longer be subjects of colonization by any European powers

What does Monroe say to the European powers in section 2?

it is not in the US policy to participate in the wars in Europe

what does Monroe say to the European powers in section 3?

only when countries invade or take our rights do we prepare for defense

what does Monroe say to the European powers in Section 4?

any European power trying to extend their power to our hemisphere is a threat

what does Monroe say to the European powers in Section 5?

the colonies in Latin America should have their independence recognized

what does Monroe say to the European powers in section 6?

are policy with Europe is the same four-war which is not to interfere with European problems

How does the geographic location of New York state make it a natural link for trade between New England, and the other states of Ohio, Pennsylvania, or Michigan?

It serves as a middle for trade and uses the lake or rivers that connect lands. It is right in between the states so in order for things to make it to its set destination it must pass through New York.

Think about relative location: Where is Europe located in relation to the United States? What about the location of New York state makes it a good location for trade between the United States and Europe?

it has a port that Europe ships can export their item to but also its location in the middle of the states And its connection to the lakes creates even more opportunities for trade. Also has a habors connecting to the atlantic

How do you think people moved heavy loads over long distances in the early 1800s?

Heavy loads were moved long distances using natural water resources, such as rivers that can carry loads downstream or ships carrying loads across oceans or lakes.

panic of 1819

first widespread long lasting financial crisis or economic depression in the US not recovered til 1823

Causes of the Panic of 1819

• post war demand drop

less need for American crops after Napo. wars dropped 50%

• reckless banking and land speculation

states banks printing money they don’t have (not backed by gold/silver)

land bubble people bought tons of land making the price go up

• second bank of US intervention

banks had to pay loans

immediate repayment for farmers, makes farmers pay for their land back

effects of panic of 1819

• bubble popped

• foreclosures and debtors prisons

• state banks collapsed

• massive unemployment

• distrust the BUS

• gov passed laws to help farmers pay deck

suffrage

the right to vote

• more people gained the right to vote in early

• states reduced voting restrictions

• by 1830 only 2 states required property to vote

Election of 1824

between John Quincy and Jackson

• no one won majority

• house of reps has to decide, led by Henry Clay, choose JQA

• jackson called this a “corrupt bargain”

• dem-reps split

• end of era of good feelings

Elections of 1828

Jackson vs. Adams

• modern political campaign, had to win peoples vote

• jackson aimed against the wealthy elite and supported the “common man”

• jackson wins

• practices spoils system

according to King, Why should Congress have the right to determine if Missouri is a slave or free state?

Because as it is described in the constitution congress has the power to allow states to join the union so they should choose if they are a slave or free state

according to King, How would allowing the extension of slavery favor the South in terms of representation in Congress?

In slave states they obviously have more slaves which count as ⅗ of their population counting the 3 out of every 5 slaves to their population gives them more representation in congress which can benefit them in getting more states to join the union as a slave state.

Does King suggest changing the Constitution (think 3/5th compromise, abolishing slavery in existing states?) Explain why or why not.

no he does not suggest to change the Constitution, he only claims that the states from the Louisiana Purchase in the land out west should no longer be allowed to own slaves

How does King argue that slavery hurts the country in terms of mutual defense?

when it comes for times of War the states that have slaves will have less men in their army as first of all slaves can't join the army and secondly a lot of soldiers are guarding the slaves where they work

What was the “Tariff of Abominations”

• 1828 tariff

• high tariff on foreign manufactured goods

• frustrating for southerners

Nullification crisis

• Calhoun questions the legality of applying federal laws in sovereign states

• Calhoun theory: each state had the right to nullify (reject) federal laws that it considered unconstitutional

• states had the right to leave the union if the gov did not allow it to nullify a law

Hayne and Webster debate

• Hayne (SC) questioned the authority of the federal gov over state rights

• Webster (MA) questioned whether nullification was essentially rebellion or revolution

• calhoun resigns as VP over issue

rebellion in the states

• SC threaten to secede (over issue with tariffs-unconstitutional)

• Jackson said SC was treasonous and threatened to hand calhoun

• force bill (1833): federal gov can send in army and navy to collect tax

• Clay: compromise tariffs - reduce them over 10 year period

*more sectional differences

the national bank and bank war

• jackson opposed the 2nd national bank of the US (opponents want him to recharter bank-because he as too and it puts people against him)

• federal taxes were deposited there so the BUS had an advantage over smaller banks (state banks can’t loan out as much money)

• BUS stockholders earned interest from the deposits, not the common man

Nicholas Biddle

• president of BUS, gave loans to congressmen at lower rates than the common man

• jackson sees this as sketchy

Response to the Bank issue

• vetoed the extension of the bank (helped win reelection)

• transferred funds into certain state banks “pet banks”

• biddle refused to give out new loans and wants to frustrate the public into renewing the charter, Jackson blames him

• 2nd US banks fails shortly after leads to panic of 1837

Specie Circular act 1836

• jackson favored “hard” money (gold/silver) - people don’t have gold/silver

• demanded all payments for the purchase of public lands be made exclusively in Specie (gold/silver coin)

• purpose is to stop excessive land speculation, particularly in the West (made possible due to paper money that pet banks were giving out

result panic of 1837

Abolition vs Jackson

• abolitionists want to end slavery

• Jackson (slave owner, no moral questioning) saw abolition as a threat to the union

• wanted Congress to pass a law to prevent “incendiary” mailings - his postmaster complied

• supported the “gag rule”, any petitions to Congress about ending slavery would not be accepted (violates 1 amendment)

• Not repealed until 1844

Jackson vs. Native americans

• saw indians as restricting westward expansion

• said their removal was for their “protection”

Indian removal act (1830)

• authorized the federal gov to negotiate treaties forcing tribes east of the mississippi river to relocate to “Indian Territory”

• major tribes affected: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creck, Seminote

Worcester vs. GA

• John Marshall ruled that GA didn’t have the right to invade Cherokee lands

• Jackson’s response, chooses not to enforce the decision

• chief John Ross continued to fight against removal

Treaty of New Echota

treaty gave the last eight million acres of Cherokee land to the federal gov in exchange for approximately $5 million and land “west of mississippi” - marked start of Cherokee exodus

Trail of tears (1838)

• 800 mi forced migration of Cherokee to “Indian Territory” under Van Buren

Origin of Dem/Jacksonians

Formed around Andrew Jackson's political campaign, come from democratic republicans, advocate for weak federal gov

Origin of Whigs

Emerged against Jackson and his domestic policies. “Whigs” from Britain, inherit federalist beliefs

dem/Jacksonian political figures

Jackson, Calhoun, Van Buren

whigs political figures

William Henry Harrison, JQA, Clay, Webster

Regions of Dem/jacksonians

Strong in the Deep South in the newer western states, far from market economy

Regions of Whigs

Supporters from all over mostly North east, educators or professionals and free blacks

Dem/JACKSONIANS position on American system

They opposed High tariffs which was a part of the American system - don’t like the power of the federal gov

Whigs position on American system

They based it off the American system and high tariffs

Dem/Jacksonian position on Federal Land Policy

Wanted to sell federal land west for low prices and overall expand their territory - easier for the common man to expand

Whigs position on federal land policy

Who wanted to keep the prices High of the federal land And distribute the money to the national back

dem/jacksonians position on Indian affairs

Wanted the indian removal, Out of the way of the common man

Whigs position on Indian affairs

More sympathetic in willing to support the Indians-upset with the removal policy that Jackson didn’t follow the supreme court decision

Dem/Jacksonian position on national bank

Opposed charters for banks Jackson opposed to national banks and gives the money over to the pet banks

Whigs position on national bank

Upset over Jackson's order to remove the fund from the federal bank

Dem/Jacksonian position on Paper money

Wanted to get rid of paper money, Jackson thinks it supports the wealthy

Whigs position on Paper money

Wanted to print more paper money - more people can buy things and invest in manufacturing

Dem/Jacksonian position on Slavery

They wanted slavery

• Jackson was a slave owner

Whigs position on Slavery

Split, some support it, some don’t

Dem/ Jacksonian position on Tariffs

Against protective tariffs because it creates privilege for the wealthy, protect the farmers, unconstitutional

Whigs position on Tariffs

Wanted higher tariffs to protect manufacturing enterprises

Dem/Jacksonian position on Territorial Expansion

Wanted to overall expand their territory

Whigs position on Territorial Expansion

Opposed territorial expansions

The whigs

• new political party

• backed the American system

• included clay, JQA and WEbster

The issue the Whigs had with jackson

• bank war

• spoils system

• more vetoes than all presidents combined

• not enforcing SC case

• Gag rule

Martin Van Buren

• won election of 1836

• “Little Magician” (master politician)

• inherited the problem with “pet banks”

• panic of 1837 - takes heat for it

election of 1840

• Van Buren vs. William Henry Harrison (whig)

• John Tyler becomes president after Harrison died (after 32 days)

What were the three arguments in Calhoun’s SC exposition?

• tariff violates the constitution - it is not raising revenue but hurts SC

• it is a perversion of their powers - violation of their principles of the constitution

• hurts their economy, dependent on their agriculture disproportionate on the south

The American system helped bring the nation together by

creating a better transportation network to facilitate the exchange of goods

Machine production affected US manufacturing by

making mass production possible

What was Calhoun saying is unconstitutional

the protective tariff

what part of the Constitution does Rufus King say should not apply to the Western territories?

3/5 compromise

Eli Whitney invented

cotton gin

who benefited most from the tariff of 1816?

manufacturers