macromolecules pt 2 (until 4 levels of protein structure)

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

basic amino acid group

-NH2

acidic carboxyl group

-COOH

essential, non essential

2 classifications of amino acids

complete proteins

foods that contain all nine essential amino acids are called what?

incomplete proteins

foods that contain some but not all essential amino acids are called?

histidine

important for the growth and repair of tissues

isoleucine

helps with muscle metabolism

leucine

stimulates muscle protein synthesis, aids in tissue regeneration

lysine

play a role in protein synthesis

methionine

involved in the creation of proteins and peptides

phenylalanine

precursor for neurotransmitters such as dopamine

threonine

supports immune function, fat metabolism

tryptophan

precursor for serotonin and melatonin

valine

important for muscle growth

non-essential amino acids

can be synthesized by the body, even if they are not obtained from food

alanine

plays a role in glucose metabolism and detoxification by removing toxins from the blood

arginine

important for wound healing, immune system function, and the production of nitric oxide, which helps regulate blood flow

aspartic acid

plays a role in the urea cycle and the synthesis of other amino acids and nucleotides

cysteine

contributes to detoxification and protein structure

peptide bond

covalent bond that links each amino acid to another amino acid

dipeptide

two linked amino acids

tripeptide

three linked amino acids

polypeptide

long chains of amino acids

polypeptide

does not necessarily have a functional form or structure.

protein

biologically functional molecule composed of one or more polypeptide chains t

polypeptide structure

linear sequence of amino acids.

protein structure

Primary Structure: The linear sequence of amino acids.

Secondary Structure: Local folding patterns (e.g., alpha helices and beta sheets).

Tertiary Structure: The overall three dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain.

Quaternary Structure: The arrangement of multiple polypeptide

polypeptide function

may not be functional on its own

protein function

fully functional and can perform specific tasks within the organism

protein size

composed of one or more polypeptide chains and can be very large,

polypeptide size

generally smaller than proteins

primary structure

the linear sequence of amino acids

secondary structure

Local folding patterns of alpha helices and beta sheets

tertiary structure

The overall threedimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain.

quarternary structure

The arrangement of multiple polypeptide