Lipid Synthesis (Week 9)

Lipogenesis

Fatty acid production from 2-carbon compounds used in many tissues

Ac-CoA, cytosol

Fatty acid biosynthesis involves a precursor for fatty acids __, occurs in the __ (cell region)

1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids

Lipid yield from diet

TAGs, adipose

Excess carbohydrates and proteins are converted and stored as __ in __ tissue

Liver

Lipogenesis primarily occurs in the… as well as adipose, kidney, brain, lungs, mammary glands

7 ATP, Palmitate

• __ (energy) is required as an input for fatty acid biosynthesis

• __ is a 16 carbon molecule product from fatty acid biosynthesis

Acetyl CoA, CO2, NADPH, glucose, NADPH, palmitate

*A (from glycolysis)

VLDL, chylomicrons, lacteals

Dietary TAG are packaged by __ (LDL type)

• Then secreted into the blood in the form of __ via __ (lymph)

Carbs, palmitate, cytosol, adipose, VLDL

• The 1st fatty acid made is out of __ (macromolecule)

• __ (product) is found in __ via fatty acid synthase

  • Stored in __ tissue, taken out via __

Ac-CoA, NADPH, CO2, ATP

FA synthesis ingredients: __ + __ + __ + __

(4)

Fed, insulin

FA synthesis occurs in the __ (fasting/fed state) predominated by the hormone __

Citrate

Insulin will stimulate __ (agent) in TCA whereas glucagon will inhibit it

Citrate, does

Ac-CoA and OAA condenses to form __, which __ (does/not) cross the mitochondrial membrane

Pyruvate, NADPH, CO2

Malate is converted to __ (product)

• __ is produced, and __ is released.

Ac-CoA carboxylase

__ __ (enzyme) is the initial and controlling step in FA synthesis

• Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA

Ac-CoA carboxylase, insulin, citrate

__ __ catalyzes conversion of Ac-CoA to malonyl-CoA

• Activated by __ (hormone) and __ (agent)

Condensation, reduction, dehydration, reduction

After FA synthesis activation, involves (4) processes that make palmitate by FA synthase

G6PD, alcoholism, NADP+

A __ (enzyme) deficiency and or __ (disease) leads to decreased __ and thus decreased NADPH

• Poor FA synthesis

Triacylglycerols, chylomicrons, VLDL, liver

• Palmitate is eventually converted to __

• These TAGS are packaged into blood and released from __ (not LDL) and __ (LDL type)

• VLDL comes from the __

VLDL, liver, adipose, fatty liver disease

Alcohol inhibits the transport of __ from the __ to __ tissue

• TGs then stay in liver and lead to ___ (disease)

apo-B100

Carrier molecule transporting VLDL through the bloodstream and facilitating plaque buildup in arteries

(-apo)

apo-B48

Carrier molecule transporting dietary lipids from chylomicrons

(apo-)

HMG-CoA reductase

Regulatory enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis

Acetoacetyl, Ac, mevalonate, cholesterol

• Cytosolic Ac-CoA forms __-CoA, which condenses with another __-CoA to form HMG-CoA

• HMG-CoA becomes __, and is ultimately converted to __

Statin drugs (Statins)

Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase to inhibit cholesterol synthesis

Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL

Least dense to most dense lipoproteins - (4)

LDL / VLDL / HDL / chylomicrons

Liver, intestine

VLDL is secreted by the __ whereas chylomicrons are secreted by the __

Bile acids

Excess cholesterol in form of esters are stored as…

Malonyl CoA transferase

Enzyme transfers the malonyl CoA molecule to FAS

Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine

• __ (hormone) stimulates fatty acid synthesis by activating acetyl CoA carboxylase

• __ (hormone) and __ (neuroT) inhibit fatty acid synthesis by inactivation of acetyl CoA carboxylase