AP World Unit 6 Cramming Notes

UNIT 6: CONSEQUENCES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION (1750-1900)

CRAM GOAL: Know how industrialized states used imperialism, how it affected colonized regions and people, and how migration and ideologies changed the world. This unit is all about the economic, political, and social consequences of INDUSTRIALIZATION and IMPERIALISM.

🔨 THE REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM (6.1)

• Economic motives: Raw materials for factories (rubber, palm oil, cotton), new markets for goods, cheap labor.

• Political motives: Nationalism = more colonies = more power.

• Cultural motives:

  • Social Darwinism: Europeans are the "fittest" and should rule others.

  • Civilizing mission: Racist idea that imperial powers had to "uplift" non-Europeans.

  • Religious motives: Christian missionaries spread Christianity and Western values.

🌍 STATE EXPANSION (6.2)

• Europeans take more land:

  • British in India (Raj), Burma, Africa.

  • French in West Africa, Indochina.

  • Belgians in Congo (rubber extraction, atrocities).

  • Germans in SW Africa (Nama-Herero genocide).

• US & Japan expand too:

  • USA gets Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico (Spanish-American War).

  • Japan beats China (1895) & Russia (1905), takes Korea, Taiwan.

• Types of rule:

  • Direct control (Belgium), indirect (British in India using local princes), settler colonies (Europeans living in South Africa, Algeria).

🏢 ECONOMIC IMPERIALISM (6.3)

• Definition: One country controls another through economic pressure instead of political takeover.

• Examples:

  • British in India: Took raw cotton, sold back textiles.

  • US in Latin America: Invested heavily, controlled industries ("Banana Republics").

  • China:

    • Opium Wars → Treaty of Nanjing = British get Hong Kong + extraterritoriality.

    • Spheres of Influence: foreign powers have exclusive rights.

🚬 ANTI-IMPERIAL RESISTANCE (6.4)

• Direct resistance:

  • 1857 Sepoy Rebellion (India): Angry about cultural insensitivity + British control.

  • Zulu Kingdom (vs. British).

  • Mahdist Revolt (Sudan vs. Egypt & British).

• Religious/cultural revival:

  • Ghost Dance (USA) — Indigenous resistance to US expansion.

  • Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement (South Africa): Belief that ancestral spirits would remove colonizers.

🥜 LABOR & MIGRATION (6.5)

• Why people migrated:

  • Push: poverty, famine, war (Irish Potato Famine, Indian poverty).

  • Pull: Jobs in colonies, indentured servitude, demand for labor.

• Types of labor systems:

  • Indentured servitude: Contracted laborers from India, China to Caribbean, SE Asia, Africa.

  • Slavery (declining but still present).

  • Penal colonies: Britain sends convicts to Australia.

• Settler colonies: Europeans settle permanently in Africa (British in Kenya, Dutch/Boers in South Africa).

🌎 EFFECTS OF MIGRATION (6.6)

• Ethnic enclaves: Diaspora communities maintain culture (Chinatowns, Indian communities in Africa).

• Racism/xenophobia:

  • Chinese Exclusion Act (US, 1882).

  • White Australia Policy (limit Asian immigration).

  • Locals often resented immigrants for "taking jobs."

• Women: Often stayed behind; gender roles changed in source regions.

✨ IDEOLOGIES OF IMPERIALISM (TIE-IN)

• Social Darwinism: Pseudo-scientific justification for European dominance.

• "White Man's Burden": Poem by Kipling, promoting imperialism as a noble duty.

• Nationalism: Justified expansion as bringing glory to the nation.

• Christianity: Spread as part of missionary work.

📈 AP CONNECTIONS & TIPS

• Think CAUSE → EFFECT:

  • Industrialization → Demand for resources → Imperialism → Resistance + Migration

• Links to other units:

  • Industrial Rev (Unit 5) = starts the economic need for empires.

  • Nationalism (Unit 5) = fuels expansion.

  • Migration (Unit 6) = sets up diasporas that reappear in Units 7-9.

• Essay Tips:

  • For LEQ/DBQ: Be ready to write about causes/effects of imperialism, migration, OR resistance.

  • For SAQ: Focus on specific examples like Sepoy Rebellion, Congo atrocities, Chinese indentured laborers.

WHAP CED

TOPIC 6.1 — Rationales for Imperialism from 1750 to 1900 (Causation)

Learning Objective:

• Explain how ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism from 1750 to 1900

Historical Developments:

• A range of cultural, religious, and racial ideologies were used to justify imperialism, including Social Darwinism, nationalism, the concept of civilizing mission, and the desire to religiously convert indigenous populations

TOPIC 6.2 — State Expansion from 1750 to 1900 (Comparison)

Learning Objective:

• Compare processes by which state power shifted in various parts of the world from 1750 to 1900

Historical Developments:

• Some states with existing colonies strengthened their control over those colonies and in some cases assumed direct control over colonies previously held by non-state entities

• European states as well as the United States and Japan acquired territories throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined

• Many European states used both warfare and diplomacy to expand their empires in Africa

• Europeans established settler colonies in some parts of their empires

• The United States, Russia, and Japan expanded their land holdings by conquering and settling neighboring territories

Illustrative Examples:

• Non-state to state colonial control

  • Shift from the private ownership of the Congo by King Leopold II to the Belgium government

  • Shift from the Dutch East India Company to Dutch government control in Indonesia and Southeast Asia

• European states that expanded empires in Africa:

  • Britain in West Africa

  • Belgium in the Congo

  • French in West Africa

• Settler colonies established in empires:

  • New Zealand

TOPIC 6.3 — Indigenous Responses to State Expansion from 1750 to 1900 (Causation)

Learning Objective:

• Explain how and why internal and external factors have influenced the process of state building from 1750 to 1900

Historical Developments:

• Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anticolonial movements

• Anti-imperial resistance took various forms, including direct resistance within empires and the creation of new states on the peripheries

• Increasing discontent with imperial rule led to rebellions, some of which were influenced by religious ideas

Illustrative Examples:

• Direct resistance:

  • Tupac Amaru II’s rebellion in Peru

  • Samory Toure’s military battles in West Africa

  • Yaa Asantewaa War in West Africa

  • 1857 rebellion in India

• New states:

  • Establishment of independent states in the Balkans

  • Sokoto Caliphate in modern-day Nigeria

  • Cherokee Nation

  • Zulu Kingdom

• Rebellions:

  • Ghost Dance in the U.S.

  • Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement in Southern Africa

  • Mahdist wars in Sudan

TOPIC 6.4 — Global Economic Development from 1750 to 1900 (Continuity and Change)

Learning Objective:

• Explain how various environmental factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900

Historical Developments:

• The need for raw materials for factories and increased food supplies for the growing population in urban centers led to the growth of export economies around the world that specialized in commercial extraction of natural resources and the production of food and industrial crops. The profits from these raw materials were used to purchase finished goods.

Illustrative Examples:

• Resource export economies:

  • Cotton production in Egypt

  • Rubber extraction in the Amazon and the Congo basin

  • The palm oil trade in West Africa

  • The guano industries in Peru and Chile

  • Meat from Argentina and Uruguay

  • Diamonds from Africa

TOPIC 6.5 — Economic Imperialism from 1750 to 1900 (Causation)

Learning Objective:

• Explain how various economic factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900

Historical Developments:

• Industrialized states and businesses within those states practiced economic imperialism primarily in Asia and Latin America

• Trade in some commodities was organized in a way that gave merchants and companies based in Europe and the U.S. a distinct economic advantage

Illustrative Examples:

• Industrialized states practicing economic imperialism:

  • Britain and France expanding their influence in China through the Opium Wars

  • The construction of the Port of Buenos Aires with the support of British firms

• Commodities that contributed to European and American economic advantage:

  • Opium produced in the Middle east or South Asia and exported to China

  • Cotton grown in South Asia and Egypt and exported to Great Britain and other European countries

  • Palm oil Produced in sub-Saharan Africa and exported to European countries

  • Copper extracted in Chile

TOPIC 6.6 — Causes of Migration in an Interconnected World (Causation)

Learning Objective:

• Explain how various environmental factors contributed to the development of varied patterns of migration from 1750 to 1900

Historical Developments:

• Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demographics in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living

• Because of the nature of new modes of transportations, both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities. This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanization of the 19th century. The new methods of transportation also allowed for many migrants to return, periodically or permanently, to their home societies

Illustrative Examples:

• Return of migrants:

  • Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific

  • Lebanese merchants in the Americas

  • Italian industrial workers in Argentina

Learning Objective:

• Explain how various economic factors contributed to the development of varied patterns of migration from 1750 to 1900

Historical Developments:

• Many individuals chose freely to relocate, often in search of work

• The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semicoerced labor migration, including enslavement Chinese and Indian indentured servitude, and convict labor

Illustrative Examples:

• Migrants:

  • Irish to the United States

  • British engineers and geologists to South Asia and Africa

TOPIC 6.7 — Effects of Migration (Causation)

Learning Objective:

• Explain how and why new patterns of migration affected society from 1750 to 1900

Historical Developments:

• Migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men

• Migrants often created ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world that helped transplant their culture into new environments

• Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders

Illustrative Examples:

• Migrant ethnic enclaves:

  • Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America, and North America

  • Indians in East and Southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia

  • Irish in North America

  • Italians in North and South America

• Regulation of immigrants:

  • Chinese Exclusion Act

  • White Australia policy

TOPIC 6.8 — Causation in the Imperial Age (Causation)

Learning Objective:

• Explain the relative significance of the effects of imperialism from 1750 to 1900

Main Key Concepts:

• The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods

• As states industrialized, they also expanded existing overseas empires and established new colonies and transoceanic relationships

• The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world

• As a result of the emergence of transoceanic empires and a global capitalist economy, migration patterns changed dramatically, and the numbers of migrants increased significantly