Katherine White- 13.1 Gastroenterology

What is the alimentary canal?

The alimentary canal is the continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus, responsible for the ingestion, digestion, and absorption of food.

What are the two types of glands in the body?

Endocrine and exocrine glands.

Endocrine glands

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Exocrine glands

Glands that secrete substances through ducts to the outside of the body or into body cavities.

What are the accessory exocrine glands of the digestive system?

Salivary glands, liver, and pancreas.

What is special about the pancreas?

The pancreas has both endocrine (insulin and glucagon) and exocrine (digestive enzymes) functions.

Ingestion

The process of taking food into the body.

Digestion

The breakdown of food into smaller components that can be absorbed by the body.

Absorption

The process of taking nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream.

What are food residues?

Unabsorbed food components that remain in the digestive tract.

What are the four major types of organic compounds?

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

What are the divisions of the alimentary canal?

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus.

What is fauces?

The opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx.

What is the superior labial frenulum?

The fold of tissue that connects the upper lip to the gums.

What is the inferior labial frenulum?

The fold of tissue that connects the lower lip to the gums.

What are the three parts of the tooth?

Crown, root, and neck.

What are the two parts of the crown?

Anatomical crown and clinical crown.

Anatomical crown

The part of the tooth covered by enamel.

Clinical crown

The part of the tooth visible above the gum line.

What is a root canal?

A dental procedure used to treat infection at the center of a tooth.

What is the occlusal surface of the crown?

The top surface of the tooth that comes into contact with the opposing tooth.

What are cusps?

Points or bumps on the chewing surface of a tooth.

Incisors

The front teeth primarily used for cutting food.

Canines

Pointed teeth located next to the incisors, used for tearing food.

Premolars

Flat-topped teeth located between canines and molars, used for crushing and grinding food.

Molars

Large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth, designed for grinding food.

What are deciduous teeth?

Also known as baby teeth, these are the first set of teeth that develop in humans.

When do baby teeth come in?

Baby teeth typically start to erupt between 6 months and 1 year of age.

How many total baby teeth are there?

20 baby teeth.

When do baby teeth fall out?

Baby teeth usually start to fall out around age 6, as permanent teeth begin to come in.

How many total adult teeth?

32 total adult teeth.

What material are the teeth made up of?

Teeth are primarily made up of enamel, dentin, pulp, and cementum.

What is the pulp cavity?

The central part of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels.

What are dental caries?

Also known as cavities, these are damages to the tooth caused by decay.

What is gingivitis?

An inflammation of the gums, often caused by plaque buildup.

What is pyorrhea?

Periodontal disease characterized by inflammation and infection of the surrounding tissues of the teeth.

What is an impacted wisdom tooth?

A wisdom tooth that fails to fully emerge through the gums, often causing pain or infection.

What is pyorrhea?

Periodontal disease characterized by inflammation and infection of the surrounding tissues of the teeth.

What is an impacted wisdom tooth?

A wisdom tooth that fails to fully emerge through the gums, often causing pain or infection.

mastication

chewing

degluition

swallowing

chemoreceptors on tongue

sweet sour salty, tastebuds

adenoids

lymph nodes under jaw

three types of tonsils

palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, pharyngeal tonsil

tissue in tonsils

macrophages and lymphocytes

immunoglobulins

inactivate or take out foreign substances after notified by antibodies

tonsilitis

inflammation of tonsils

tonsillectomy

removal of tonsils

where parotid salivary glands

in front and below the ears

what mumps

inflamed parotid glands

saliva function

breakdown food with enzymes for easy digestio

what two parts palate

horizontal plate of palatine bone in back and maxillary bone palatine process in front

pharynx

throat

orophraynx

nose and throat

where laryngopharnx

voicebox and throat area like epiglottis separates around there

bolus

ball of food

epiglottis function

keep food from enter airway

esophogus

food travel down when swallow

peristalsis

unidirectional wave like muscle contractions that move food down and through digestive system