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biomolecules
biological molecules produced by the cells
of the living organism.
true
true or false?
biomolecules are critical for life as it
helps organisms to carry out basic biological
processes such as reproduction, growth and
sustenance
molecular biology
The study of structure and
functioning of biological molecules
macro molecule
“giant molecule”
carbohydrates
what is the most abundant molecule of life
carbohydrates
also known as an energy source
carbohydrates
plants produce them in large amounts by photosynthesis
carbohydrate
consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
monosaccharides, disaccharides
what are the types of simple carbohydrates
monosaccharides
building blocks of more complex carbohydrate molecule
blood sugar
glucose is also known as?
fruit sugar
fructose is also known as?
brain sugar
galactose is also known as?
disaccharides
two monosaccharides combined
glucose and fructose
sucrose is made up of?
glucose and galactose
lactose is made up of?
glucose and glucose
maltose is made up of?
oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
examples of complex carbohydrates?
oligosaccharides
Complex carbohydrates consists of three to
ten monosaccharides combined
glucose, fructose, and galactose
what are the components of the oligosaccharide named raffinose?
polysaccharides
many monosaccharides combined?
starch
plant carbohydrate
glycogen
animal starch
chitin
exo-skeleton of insects and crustaceans
cellulose
component of plant cell wall
proteins
building blocks of life
false
proteins are made up of cho. is this true or false?
amino acids
what are the building blocks of proteins
peptide bonds
what connects amino acids?
20
how many are the standard amino acid
11
how many is the non-essential amino acid
9
how many is the essential amino acid
food
where do the 9 essential amino acid come
naturally produced by our body
where do the 11 non-essential amino acid come
enzymes
Comprise most of the proteins in living cells
enzymes
Biological catalysts that increase the rate of
metabolic reactions
false
true or false? Functions of enzymes are greatly influenced by the
amount of the protein molecule
denaturation
change in chain structure by breaking of
peptide bonds
temperature, ph concentration of enzyme and substrate, collision of the molecules of enzyme and substrate
what are the factors affecting activity of enzymes?
catalyst
A substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction
without being changed or used up during it
false
catalysts are not reusable. true or false?
true
A different enzyme is needed for almost every chemical
reaction in your body. true or false?
single
how many enzymes can catalyze thousands or more
reactions a second?
ase
enzymes ends with?
lipase
breaks down lipids
catalase
breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
protease
breaks down proteins
sucrase
breaks down sucrose
amylase
breaks down starch (amylose) in human saliva
DNA polymerase
builds DNA
metabolic pathways
sequence of occurring chemical reactions in a cell
metabolic pathways
enzymes here work together
CoFactors
chemical substances that assist many enzymes
for chemical reaction to take place.
metallic ions
CoFactors are what ions?
coenzymes
organic enzymes that act as a cofactor
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NAD?
flavin adenine dinucleotide
FAD?
catabolic pathways
digest large molecules, release energy
anabolic pathways
synthesize large molecules, requires energy
enzyme substrate complex
Combination when the active site interacts with the
substrate
false
Each enzyme has an active site which is the part of the
molecule that an enzyme binds to. true or false?
reactant
A substrate is a ? that binds to the active site of an
enzyme
false
The active site of an enzyme is general to its substrate. true or false?
true
The active site is typically a pocket or groove on the
surface of the protein. true or false?
Emil Fischer
who proposed the lock and key model of enzyme action
1899
when did the lock and key model was proposed
lock and key model
the active site of
an enzyme bears a
specific conformation that
complements the
substrate precisely so that
the substrate fits a
particular site in a manner
that’s similar to a lock and
key.
Daniel Koshland
who proposed the induced fit model
1958
what year did the induced fit model was proposed?
induced fit model
when an active site is exposed to a
substrate, the active site
undergoes a structural
change to improve
binding
triglycerides
body’s main energy reservoir
lipids
largely hydrocarbons
false
true or false? lipids are soluble in water
triglycerides
It stores unused calories and provide your body with energy
3
triglycerides are made up of one glycerol and how many fatty acids
fat
saturated fatty acid. solid at room temp. obtained through animals
oil
unsaturated fatty acid. liquid at room temp. obtained through plants
sphingolipids
complex lipids made up of sphingosine linked
through a complex polar head to one long fatty
acid chain
brain extracts
where were sphingolipids was discovered
1870’s
when was sphingolipids discovered?
nerve cell membrane
where are sphingolipids primary located
glycosphingolipids
cerebrosides are
phospholipids
it form micelles when disperse in water to form a bilayer
bilayer
basis of the phospholipid bilayer in all biological membrane
act as a barrier
main fucntion of the phospholipid is?
true
the cell, the phospholipids form a bilayer which
allows some molecules to pass through and
prevents others from passing through. true or false?
steroids
have a similar solubility as lipids but not fatty
steroid nucleus
basic structure of steroid
testosterone
primary androgen hormones
estrogen
promote the development and maintenance of
female characteristics of the body
cortisone
released in response to stress; decreases your
body's natural defensive response and reduces symptoms such
as swelling and allergic-type reactions; Acts as a precursor to
cortisol and has anti-inflammatory properties
vitamin d
calcium absorption
nucleic acids
informational molecules that
carry the code of life
nucleic acids
blueprints for proteins, thus
ultimately controlling the life of
a cell
nucleotides
building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotides
chemical messengers, energy carriers and subunits
for nucleic acids and coenzymes
pentose sugar, phosphate, nitrogen bases
what does nucleotides consist of
DNA
double helix in shape
deoxyribonucleic acid
what do DNA stands for
deoxyribose
what is the sugar of dna