AP Biology Unit 2 Quiz 1 Study Guide

____ are the basic structural and functional units of every organism

cells

All cells are bonded by a ________ _________, contain _____, ______, and ______

plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes

Prokaryotic cells domains archaea and ______

bacteria

In prokaryotes, DNA is in the _____ region

nucleoid

Prokaryotes are generally ______ in size than Eukaryotes

smaller

Prokaryotes _____ (are/are not) membrane bonded

are not

Eukaryotes are _____

complex

Eukaryotes (are/are not) membrane bonded

are

Eukaryotes include protists, _____, animals, and plants

fungi

In Eukaryotic cells, DNA is in the _____

nucleus

The domain of Eukaryotes in _____

Eukarya

Organelles are ______

membrane bound structures in eukaryotes

The two classifications of eukaryotes are ____________ organelles and ________ organelles

endomembrane, energy

Energy organelles consist of ____ and _______

mitochondria, chloroplasts

Endomembrane organelles consist of _________, ________, _______, ________, _______, _______

nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, vesicles/vacuoles, plasma membrane

_________ in organelles allows for different metabolic reactions to occur in different locations

Compartmentalization

Compartmentalization increases surface area for _________ to occur and prevents __________ reactions from occurring in the same location

reactions, interfering

Cell components that are unique to plants are: _______, _______, ______, ______

Plasmodesmata, Cell wall, Chloroplasts, Central Vacuole

Cell components that are unique to animals are: _______, _______, ______

Flagella, centrosomes, lysosomes

The _____ contains chromosomes

nucleus

The nucleus is enclosed by the _______ _____ which has a double membrane and pores to regulate the entry and exit of material from the cell

nuclear envelope

The dense region of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized is in the ________

nucleolus

rRNA is combined with proteins to form large and small subunits of ______

ribosomes

rRNA exits the nucleus through nuclear pores and assemble into ribosomes which translate messages found on ______ into the _______ structure of polypeptides

mRNA, primary

Ribosomes are composed of _____ RNA and ______

ribosomal, protein

Ribosomes function is to synthesize _____

proteins

Ribosomes can be found in ______ and on the ______

cytosol, Rough ER

Proteins produced in _____ generally function only within this place. Ribosomes in this place are known as “free ribosomes”

cytosol

Proteins in the rough ER can be ______ from the cell and leave via transport vesicles

secreted

The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a ________ of membranous sacs and tubes

network

The ER synthesizes membranes and __________ the cell to keep proteins formed in the rough ER separate from those of free ribosomes

compartamentalizes

The Rough ER looks bumpy because it contains ________

ribosomes

The smooth ER synthesizes ________, metabolizes _________, and _____ the cell

lipids, carbohydrates, detoxifies

The Golgi complex contains flattened membranous sacs called ________. Each one of these is not connected.

cisternae

The Golgi Complex has _______ in the form of a _____ face and a _____ face

directionality, cis, trans

The cis face ______ vesicles from the ER

receives

The trans face ______ vesicles back out into cytosol to other locations or to the plasma membrane for secretion

sends

The Golgi Complex functions are it _______ transport vesicles with materials from the ER, _____ the materials which ensures proteins are made correctly, ___ the materials, _____ molecular tags, and _______ materials to exit the membrane via exocytosis

receives, modifies, sorts, adds, packages

Lysosomes are a membranous sac with _______ enzymes

hydrolytic

Autophagy is when lysosomes can _______ their own cell’s organic material and allows the cell to renew itself

recycle

Peroxisomes are similar to lysosomes except they ________ reactions that produce H₂O₂

catalyze

Enzymes in ________ then break down H₂O₂ into water

peroxisomes

Vacuoles are large vesicles that stem from the ____ and _____

ER, Golgi

True or False: Vacuoles are selective in transport

true

The food vacuole forms via _________ and then are digested by lysosomes

phagocytosis

Contractile vacuole is also known as the ______ vacuole because it maintains water levels in cells

water

The central vacuole is ONLY in _____

plants

The endosymbiont theory explains the similarities _______ and ________ have to a prokaryote

mitochondria, chloroplasts

The endosymbiont theory states that an early ______ cell engulfed a ________ cell. In other words, the ________ cell became an ___________

eukaryotic, prokaryotic, prokaryotic, endosymbiont

Endosymbiont means:

a cell that lives in another cell

The evidence of the endosymbiont theory is double membranes, _______, ______ DNA, and how prokaryotes are ______ of functioning on their own

ribosomes, circular, capable

Cell respiration occurs at the _______

mitochondria

the outer membrane of the mitochondria’s membrane is ____ and the inner membrane has folds called Cristae

smooth

The mitochondria is divided into two internal compartments and _______ the surface area

increases

The inter membrane of the mitochondria is called the inter membrane and it encloses the ________ _______

mitochondrial matrix

The mitochondrial matrix is the location for the _______ _____

Krebs cycle

The mitochondrial matrix also contains ______ that catalyze cellular respiration and produce ATP, _______ DNA, and ___________

enzymes, mitochondrial, ribosomes

Cells with ______ metabolic activity have ____ mitochondria

high, more

Chloroplast is specialized organelles in ______ organisms

photosynthesis

Chlorophyll is _____ and is in chloroplast

green

Inside of chloroplast’s double membrane are ______ and _____

thylakoids, stroma

Thylakoids are membranous sacs that can organize into stacks called ______

grana

Stroma is _____. It also is the location for the Calvin cycle and contains Chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes

fluid around thylakoids

The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers throughout the _______ and gives structural and mechanical support

cytoplasm

The 3 types of fibers in the cytoskeleton are _______, _________ and _______ filaments

microtubules, microfilament, intermediate

Microtubules are made of the protein ______

tubulin

Microtubules grow from the _______ and assist in microtubule assembly

centrosomes

Functions of Microtubules include _______, separation of chromosomes in _____ ________, and __________ (i.e. cilia & flagella)

structure, cell division, movement

Mircofilaments are thin solid rods made out of the protein ______ which aids in muscle contraction

actin

Functions of microfilaments are maintaining _____, assisting in _______ _______, and _______ _______

shape, muscle contraction, cell division

Intermediate filaments are fibrous proteins made up of varying subunits and are _______ structural elements of cells

permenant

Intermediate filaments functions are to maintain _______, ________, and form the nuclear lamina

cell shape, anchor