ANAT25 Unit 2 Week 4 General

skeletal system/bone functions

structural support

movement

protection

production of red blood cells

storage of minerals

axial skeleton

parts of skeleton down long axis of the body

appendicular skeleton

upper limbs, lower limbs, girdles (where limbs attach to axial)

articulating surfaces

condyle, facet, head, trochlea

depressions

alveolus, fossa, sulcus

projections

for tendon and ligament attachments

crest

epicondyle

process

ramus

spine

trochanter

tubercle

tuberosity

openings and spaces

canal, fissure, foramen, meatus, sinus

condyle

articulating surface

large, smooth, rounded oval structure

facet

articulating surface

small, flat shallow surface

head

articulating surface

prominent, rounded end of a long bone

trochlea

articulating surface

smooth, grooved, pully-like process

alveolus

depression

deep pit or socket

fossa

depression

flattened or shallow depression

sulcus

depression

narrow groove

crest

projection

narrow, prominent, ridge-like projection

epicondyle

projection adjacent to a condyle

line

projection

low ridge

process

projection

any marked bony prominence

ramus

projection

angular extension of a bone

spine

projection

pointed, slender process

trochanter

massive, rough projection (on femur)

tubercle

small, rounded projection

tuberosity

large, rough projection

canal

opening

passageway through a bone

fissure

narrow, slit-like opening through a bone

foramen

rounded passageway through a bone

meatus

passageway through a bone

sinus

cavity or hollow space in a bone

articulation

joint

wherever two bones are connected, or where bone is connected to cartilage

joint classifications

structure

mobility

range of motion

joint classification: structure

synovial joint

fibrous joint

cartilaginous joint

synovial joints characteristics

surrounded by an articular capsule

covered in hyaline cartilage

types of synovial joints

ball and socket joint

hinge

pivot

condylar

saddle

plane

fibrous joint characteristics

bones are bound by a tough, fibrous connective tissue

exhibit little to no mobility

types of fibrous joints

sutures

gomphoses

syndesmoses

sutures

fibrous joint found exclusively between the bones of a skull

gomphosis

found in the mouth where the roots of the teeth articulate with the dental alveoli at the dentoalveolar joints

syndesmosis

formed by ligaments and a strong membrane that holds two bones in place

cartilaginous joint characteristics

bones are connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

cartilaginous joint types

synchondroses

symphyses

synchodroses

primary cartilaginous joint

connected by hyaline cartilage

symphyses

bones are connected by fibrocartilage

found along the midline of the body

joint classification: mobility

diarthrosis

amphiarthrosis

synarthrosis

diarthrosis

freely mobile joint

every synovial joint is one

amphiarthrosis

slightly mobile joint

synarthrosis

immobile joint

joint classification: range of motion

uniaxial

biaxial

polyaxial/multiaxial

uniaxial joints

joints that move about one axis only

biaxial joint

joints that move about two axes

polyaxial

joints that can move about all three axes

insertion

the moveable end of the muscle that attaches to the bone being pulled

origin

end of the muscle attached to a fixed (stabilized) bone

prime mover / agonist

the principal muscle involved in an action

synergist

assists the prime mover, can be a fixator that stabilizes the bone that is the attachment for the prime mover’s origin

antagonist

a muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover

maintain body/limb position, control rapid motion

relationship between joint mobility and joint stability

as mobility decreases, stability increases