ap huge

Cultural relativism

Cultural relativism

the view that the cultural beliefs, values, and practices should be studied based on the person’s culture, not judged by another’s standards

Ethnocentrism

characterized/based on the attitude that one’s own group is superior

Cultural landscape

the boundaries of a region reflects the human imprint on the environment

Sequent occupancy

the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing on the cumulative cultural landscape

Ethnic neighborhood

a certain area within a city that is concentrated population of people that share the same ethnic background

Indigenous community

cultural groups that share collective values and ancestral beliefs to the land and natural resources where they live from which they were displaced

Sense of place

Humans tend to perceive the characteristics of places in different ways based on their personal beliefs

Placemaking

bring the community needs and values to the urban space and turn them into the places that people would like to go to

Relocation diffusion

Spread of ideas through physical movement of people from one place to another

Expansion diffusion

Spread the feature from one place to another in an additive process

Contagious diffusion

Rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population

Hierarchical diffusion

Spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places

Stimulus diffusion

Spread of an underlying idea from a cultural hearth is adopted by another culture but the adopting group modifies or rejects one trait

Creolization

a new combined language evolved over time

Lingua Franca

a language of international communication that facilitates trade and globalization

Colonialism

type of imperialism in which people move into and settle on the land of another country

Imperialism

a broader concept that includes variety of ways of influencing another country or group of people by direct conquest, economic control, or cultural dominance

Globalization

the increase of connections between different regions and countries across the globe

Time-space convergence

travel time diminishes as advancements in transportation and communications bring those places closer together

Cultural convergence

The interaction of cultures as they come in contact  with each other, influencing and being influenced by each other

Cultural divergence

the tendency for cultural groups to disassociate from others in order to protect or preserve their culture from influence or change

Language family

is a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that excited before recorded history

Language dialect

a regional variation of a language distinguished by a distinctive vocab, spelling, and pronunciation

Cultural hearth

Where the cultural trait starts

Indo-European language family

It is theorized that Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian languages all stemmed from a common ancestral language

Universalizing religion

attempt to be global by appealing to all people regardless of location or culture

Christianity

Origin: Present-day Palestine/Isreal

Distribution:over the world

Diffusion: Hierarchical diffusion  and relocation diffusion

Islam

Origin: Makkah (Mecca) located in present-day Saudi Arabia

Distribution: Africa, Asia, Europe

Diffusion: relocation diffusion

Buddhism

Origin: India

Distribution: introduced to China

Diffusion: relatively slowly from its origin in northeastern India

Sikhism

Origin: Punjab region, borders India and Pakistan 

Distribution: British empire and America 

Diffusion: contagious diffusion

Hinduism

Origin: India/ South Asia 

Distribution: 3% of the world

Diffusion: around India

Judaism

Origin: israel

Distribution: â…– live in the U.S. â…– live in Israel 

Diffusion: relocation diffusion

Ethnic religion

appeal primarily to one group of people living in one place

Acculturation

an ethnic or immigrant group that moves to a new area and adopts values and practices of the larger group that has received them, while still maintains valuable elements of their own culture

Assimilation

happens when an ethnic group can no longer be distributed from the receiving group. This often occurs over time as ethnic groups become more affluent and leave their ethnic neighborhoods.

Syncretism

Blending or combining of several traditions

Multiculturalism

the coexistence of several cultures in one society with the ideal of all cultures being valued and worthy of study