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Name the main principles of the Apartheid System in South Africa
1) Whites should dominate as the superior group
2) Four conflicting racial groups are Asians, Whites, Africans and Coloureds
Apartheid laws include…
1) Spacial segregation (and on public facilities)
2) Ban on interracial marriage
3) Establishment of homelands or bantustans
4) Strengthened laws on regulation of movement
Opposition to Apartheid
1) Principle of non-racialism rather than black nationalism
2) Demands basic political freedom
3) Contains both political and economic demands
Logic of Apartheid
1) Blacks are inferior and need whites to save them
2) Blacks and whites are fundamentally different
What are legacies of apartheid?
1) Economic disparities
2) Racial and ethnic divisions
3) Authoritarian state structures and practices
Explain South African Political Reform
1) Negotiations about Mandela’s release in February 1990
2) Interim Constitution of 1993 - resulted of negotiated transition. Restricted largely to civil and political rights as it contained the Bill of Rights which guarantees the rights protected by international human rights conventions.
3) Final Constitution of 1996.
What is the National Council of Provinces?
One of two House of Parliaments by helping South Africa create, approve or veto any laws.
What is the African National Congress (ANC)?
A political party in South Africa known for its movements against the apartheid.
How dominant was the ANC?
Heavily dominated the political process , creating a party system that had opponents but one had a real chance of winning. Also changed the control from one party to another.
What are basic principles of Regime?
1) Heal divisions of the past in hopes to establish human rights, social just ice and democratic values.
2) Lay foundations for open society where government is based on will of the people and all citizens are equally protected by law.
3) Improve life of all citizens and free potential of all citizens
4) Build a stable country as a sovereign state in the family of nations
What were positive changes to post-apartheid South Africa?
1) Expanded access to aspects of life (housing, electricity, education, healthcare)
2) Expansion of human rights
3) Growth of black middle class
4) Leadership within Africa
5) Decline in crime rates
6) Successful elections
What challenges did South Africa face post-apartheid?
1) Economic inequality
2) Racial segregation
3) Corruption
4) Slow economic growth
5) Xenophobic violence
How does religion and the anti-apartheid movement relate?
1) Churches became against the apartheid.
2) Councils of churches played a major international role in organizing opposition to apartheid
How does religion and the apartheid movement relate?
1) Dutch Reformed Church (NGK) provided moral support to nationalist movement.
2) Afrikaner nationalism used religious imagery, saying Afrikaners were the “Chosen People” and South Africa as “land of milk and honey”
Relationship between religion and politics in present South Africa?
1) Religion can be seen as an important aspect of identity
2) Religion gives moral support to violent conflict
3) Religion is invoked by political leaders
4) Religion can empower people to demand their rights and challenge the government
Organization of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee?
1) Amnesty Committee - granted 849 amnesties out of over 7,000 apps
2) Human Rights Violations Committee - Held hearings and balanced investigations throughout the country, received 30,000 testimonies, made a final report
3) Reparation and Rehabilitation Committee - least successful due to limited funds
What is the Truth and Reconciliation Committee (TRC)?
1) Emerged as compromise between African National Committee and National Party
2) Promoted National Reconciliation Act of 1995.
3) Charged to deal with all crimes in 1960-199
What were the two main parties in Chile during the Liberal Republic?
Liberal and Conservative Parties
What were the two parties named in the Liberal Parties of Chile?
Liberal and Radical
What were the interests and issues of Liberals in Chile?
1) Urban business
2) Lack of religious freedom
What were the interests and issues of Radicals in Chile?
1) Urban educated intellectuals
2) De-establishing of religion and broad expansion of franchise
What were the interests and issues of Conservatives in Chile?
1) Traditional Rural
2) Pro-Catholic and supported hierarchies.
What were the interests and issues of Socialists in Chile?
1) Urban Workers
2) Worker rights
What were the interests and issues of Marxists in Chile?
1) Urban workers
2) Redistribution
When did the Christian Democratic Party become a force in moderate politics?
1957
Who did the Christian Democratic Party support?
Less radical social programs than Socialists and Marxists.
How did the Democracy “decline”?
1) Conservative frustration with democracy
2) Economic decline
3) Politicization of the military
4) Imitation effect
What happened on September 11, 1973?
1) Military coup overthrows Allende government
2) Allende commits suicide
Who took power on September 11, 1973 in Chile?
Pinochet as leader sharing power with two other people
What happened during Pinochet’s Rule from 1973-1990?
1) Allende supporters trying to establish power were quickly silenced
2) Stability and economic growth were promised.
How did Junta rule in Chile?
1) Military viewed as professional above politics serving the interests of the country
2) Rule was temporary and not against democracy
3) Promised to reestablish order and revitalize the economy
4) International support
How did Pinochet Rule?
Violence was used to establish authority, many people were murdered or tortured.
Who led Pinochet’s downfall?
1) Chile’s Democratic traditions
2) Oppositions from Catholic Church
3) Poverty and corruption
Gini index
Measures the distribution of income or consumption among individuals or households with an economy preventing equality.
Mercantilism
Heavy state involvement in economic activity
Legitimacy
Conformity to the law or to rules
Washington Consensus
A set of economic policy recommendations for developing countries (Chile in particular)\
Liberalism
Free market with limited government role in economy
Binomial Voting System
A voting system used in legislative elections of Chile from 1989 - 2013
Public goods
Commodity or service provided without profit to all people of society from the government.
Civil society
Society considered as a community of citizens connected with common interests and activities.
Political economy
Economics as a branch of knowledge or academic discipline
Social expenditure
Measuring countries responsibility for supporting standard living of vulnerable groups.
Fundamentalism
Form of religion upholding belief in strict interpretation of scripture
Transitional Justice
How society responds to legacies of massive human rights violations
Non-racialism
South African idea rejecting racism while supporting liberal democratic ideals.dor
Manuel Bulnes
1) Served in the military before becoming president of Chile from 1841-51
2) Known for public works improvements, economic progress and cultural advances
3) Found social and political stability for Chile.
Salvador Allende
1) Chile’s first socialist president
2) Participated in founding of Chile’s socialist party (1933)
3) Ran for president multiple times but lost to popularity due to opposing connections
4) Was supported by many workers and peasants
5) Was overthrown by Pinochet military coup in 1973.
6) Authorized large wage increases, built democratic form of government along with civil liberties, paid country debt.
7) Experienced inflation, food shortages, civil unrest and widespread strikes.
Sebastian Pinera (Alianza)
1) Chilean politician who served two terms as president (2010-14, 2018-22).
2) Was the first conservative to lead the country since Pinochet.
3) Was pro business.
Patricio Aylwin (Concertacion)
1) Served as president from 1990-94.
2) Country’s first elected democratic as president after 1973 military coup.
3) Guided Chile back to democracy
4) Rettig Commission: TRC documents over 2,000 killed or disappeared
5) Tax reform allows investment in poor communities
Eduardo Frei (Concertacion)
1) First Christian Democratic President of Chile (1964-70)
2) Opens negotiations on free trade
3) Confronted with aftermath of Pinochet arrest.
Ricardo Lagos (Concertacion)
1) Valech Commission: TRC documents political arrests and tortures
2) 2005 constitutional reforms
3) 2003 US-Chile Free Trade Agreement
4) Was president from 2000-06
Michelle Bachelet (Concertacion)
1) Served as first woman president in 2006-10, 2014-18
2) 2005 constitutional reforms
3) Social and educational reforms in response to 2006 protests of education and labor unrest.
4) 2015 shift to proportional representation
5) Legalized abortions and same sex civil unions.
Gabriel Boric (Alianza)
1) Former leader of student strikes, campaigned for progressive change
2) Higher taxes on rich
3) Climate justice
Carlos Ibanez
1) Ran for president from 1927-31 and 1952-58.
2) Made many constructive domestic reforms
3) Exiled or jailed all opposing voices
4) Regime directed material development.
Jorge Alessandri
1) Ran for president from 1958-64.
2) Won the support of Conservative and Liberal parties
3) Launched public works program solving unemployment.
4) Stimulated industrial growth and reduced inflation rates.
Social Democracy
1) Incorporates ideas from liberalism and communism
2) Allows private ownership of capital with heave taxation for social services.
Communism
Collective ownership of the means of production
Neoliberalism
Advocates cutting government spending and lowering taxes to spur the economy and using money supply to regulate economy.
Democratic Alliance
1) Became the official opposition party to the African National Congress (ANC).
2) Merge of Democratic Party and Federal Alliance.
Economic Freedom Fighters
1) Formed in 2013 by ANC, had a leftist stance and aimed for economic emancipation
2) Found support from the poor, unemployed and young adults.
Inkatha Freedom Party
1) Cultural movement and political party having main support from Zulu people.\
2) Purpose was to work against apartheid and encourage political and cultural aspirations of blacks in South Africa.
Congress of the People (COPE)
1) Political party positioning itself as progressive and diverse.
2) Reached out to minorities and women, promising to confront crime rates, poverty and unemployment.
Cyril Ramaphosa
1) Negotiations ended policy of apartheid and started a new era of nonracial government.
2) Is present president and has ran since 2018 representing the ANC.
Nelson Mandela
1) Black nationalist and first Black president of South Africa (1994-99)
2) Worked with F.W. de Klerk to end country’s apartheid system of racial segregation
3) Awarded Nobel Prize for Peace in 1993.
4) Was the leader of many nonviolent movements and protests, in hopes to sabotage against the South African regime.
Desmond Tutu
1) Received the Nobel Prize for peace when fighting against apartheid in South Africa.
2) Became general secretary of South African Council of Churches and a leading spokesman for people’s rights.
3) Emphasized nonviolent protests
4) Became the first black archbishop and Anglican bishop in 1985 and 86.
Jacob Zuma
1) Political who served as president of South Africa from 2009 until resigning under pressure in 2018.
2) Served in important roles of the ANC during the late 90’s and early 2000’s.
3) Has some military background under the ANC when fighting against the apartheid.
Julius Malema
1) National political arena president (2008-12) for the ANC youth league
2) Was leader of Economic Freedom Fighters.
3) Became a member of National Assembly in 2014.
FW. de Klerk
1) Ran for president from 1989-94 and brought apartheid system of racial segregation to end.
2) Negotiated for majority rule in his country.
3) Received 1993 Nobel Prize for Peace in establishing nonracial democracy in South Africa.
4) Was leader of National Party in 1989.
Stephen Biko
P.W. Botha
1) First state president of South Africa (1984-89)
2) His government faced serious foreign and domestic difficulties
3) Combined foreign policy with a program of reforms at homes.
A.L. Geyer
1) Chairman of South African Bureau of Racial Affairs
2) Said that blacks are inferior and need whites to save them
3) said blacks and whites are fundamentally different.
Thabo Mbeki
1) Ran for president of South Africa from 1999-2008.
2) Longtime leader of African National Congress (ANC) but was later imprisoned.
3) Played a major role in day-to-day operations during the 90’s.
4) Focused on fixing internal issues post-apartheid.
Kgalame Mothanthe
1) Served as president from 2009-14.
2) Served as deputy president of ANC.
1955 Freedom Charter
Document outlining principles of freedom and democracy in South Africa. Charter was adopted in 1955 in opposition to the apartheid regime
1960 Sharpeville Massacre
1) Police fired on a crowd of black people
2) One of the first and most violent demonstrations against apartheid in the country.Doc
Black Consciousness Movement
An anti-apartheid activist movement occurring in the 1960s. Represents a social movement for political consciousness.
United Democratic Front
A group of communities hosting strikes, boycotts and attacks on Black police. Goal was to establish a “non-racial united country where segregation was abolished.
Negotiated transition
Initiating negotiations with oppositions, not to bring about democracy, but to retain power.
National Assembly
Legislative branch of Chile, made up of Chamber of Deputies and a Senate
National Council of Provinces
One of the two Houses of Parliament, in charge of provincial interests taken into account of the government.
National Intelligance Directorate (DINA)
Secret police of Chile during Pinochet’s rule. Was then separated from army and made an independent agency in 1974.
Chicago Boys
A group of college graduate Chilean economists in the 1970s and 80s, that returned to Chile to adopt positions within the Chilean government.
1988 National Plebiscite
A referendum deciding if Pinochet will be president for eight years under civilian rule. The “No” vote ended up winning, leading up to a new government system.
Concertacion
Left-wing political party against the Alianza.
2019 Student Protests
1) Protests over high subway fares, which expanded to vandalization.
2) Army was called to restore order
3) New constitution was approved for planning after plebiscite was agreed on.
Alianza
Right-wing political party that opposed Concertation
Chilean winter
Protests from 2011-2013 for public education availability
Chilean constitutional convention
1) Composed of 155 members elected in election.
2) Was in charge of drafting new political constitution after approved plebiscite.
3) Survived only a year, disbanding after.
Umkhonto we Sizwe
1) Paramilitary wing of ANC founded by Nelson Mandela in the wake of Sharpeville Massacre.
2) Mission was to fight against South African government.
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