APUSH TEST 1

before 1750 basically

Why was there a Search for Trade Routes  ?            

• after effects of the crusades: search for spices and water (new trade routes)

• made possible through advances in science and technology (especially seafaring technology)

• Rise of Nation States

  • Monarchies were starting to reconsolidate power and build armies through the money made off of trade routes and eventually colonies

• Religion

  • Used to be the main reason: to spread Christianity

  • then when the protestant reformation happened became a place for those escaping religious prosecution to go

• 3 Gs: God, Glory, Gold

What was the Encomienda  system?              

The royal authorization from the Spanish government to subjugate the native population

• resulted in mixed population because the Spanish explorers didn’t come with families

• the natives:

  • built houses for settlers

  • worked on plantations

  • worked in the mines for copper and gold

  • lead to the beginning of the transatlantic slave trade because the natives kept dying and it was cheaper to buy slaves than to treat them with basic working conditions

• Two main opposing views on natives:

  • Sepulveda believed they were savages and it was the Spanish’s divine right, and thus they were obligated to rule the natives

  • De la Casas: Natives are semi human, but not fully

  • both agreed Christianization was okay

Treaty of Tordesillas

• Portugal and France were having disputes over colonies

• the pope got involved and said Catholics aren’t supposed to fight, took a map and drew a line down the New World

  • Spain got most of south America

  • Portugal got coast of Africa + Brazil

Columbian Exchange 

• After 1492, post Columbus’ adventure

• Exchange of food, livestock, disease, and ideas

• New sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism. companies,

  • helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas.

Pre-Columbian Americas

• Split across two continents, north and south america

• had urban and rural communities

• North was more nomadic tribes, south had empires

  • Ex: Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas

• Had no horses

• Woodland Natives had villages that were sometimes in confederations (Iroquois)

• Had astronomy, math, and engineering

• Had intermittent wars and disputes

Roanoke

• First Permanent English Settlement

• Far North to avoid Spain

• People went missing → probably Natives helped them 

Jamestown

• Virginia

• Richard Hakluyt encouraged people to go

• Were severely underprepared:

  • Gross shortage of food

  • Filled with diseases, dysentery, and malaria

  • Made up of the gentry class; unused to hard labor

  • Late planting of seeds

  • Late planting Construction of walls and fences (vulnerable to native attack)

  • Misjudged Native abilities and intentions

  • Cold weather

  • Fear of hunting in the woods

  • No leadership at first

• Turned to cash crop tobacco to build the economy and save the colony

• constructed a fort

• moved onto native land

• went from a joint stock colony (funded by investors) to a royal colony (owned by the monarchy)

Chesapeake

• Geographic commonality – Virginia, Maryland, Delaware?    

  • great for docking ship because of rough, jagged coastline   

• Economic opportunity         

New England

• Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Massachusetts

• Religious opportunity 

Plymouth

• Massachusetts

• Separatists founded

• Dominant Angelican church was full of hypocrisy and corruption

• Holland was liberal

• Separatists moved to holland to escape persecution, integrated well but moved back in fear of losing their roots

• The government wanted them gone so turned a “blind eye” when they left

• Came over on Mayflower

• The settlers got blown away in a storm during their voyage

• Instead of landing in Virginia they landed further up North

• Some isnitied they were free to do whatever with this new land because it was outside of whatever the government had given them

• Others convinced the group to stick together and issue the mayflower compact

• Squanto was the cheif of neighboring native tribe, saved the settlers by introducing them to corn and yams

• Native population was more tolerant due to decimated population numbers as a result of disease

Mayflower Compact

• We are establishing new partnerships of the Virginia Colony

• We are loyal to God

• We are loyal to the Crown

• We will stick together and follow common laws and have a body of government

• Significant because it established the first self-governing community in the New World

Maryland Act of Tolerance

• Required religious tolerance for Christians

• “Helped inspire later legal protections for freedom of religion”

• Had to accept divinity of Jesus and the Trinity 

• Passed 1649, repealed, reinstated, repealed    

Bacon’s Rebellion

• As indentured servants were freed, they were given land further and further out west

• Pushing the frontier further onto Native land

• Occasional violence between Native and Frontier farmers

• Governor Berkley had a good relationship with the Natives for trade relations

• His nephew, Nathaniel Bacon came over to the New World in search of a cushy job

• Governor refused, Bacon went on the frontier and gathered a militia

• Leads a mass scare of a Native Village

• and then using the same militia to lead a rebellion against the governor

• At the height of the his rebellion Bacon mysteriously fell sick and died, and so did the rebellion

• Governor crushed remaining mob

• Significance: ended indentured servitude in the colonies

• increases slave trade

Stono Rebellion

• South Carolina

• Slave Rebellion

• 25 colonists killed (spared the ones that were nice to them)

• Ended when slaves captured and shot

• it was the largest slave uprising in the British North American colonies prior to the American Revolution

• highlighting the tensions and brutality of slavery,

• lead to stricter slave codes and increased control over enslaved people in the South Carolina colony,

• served as a warning to slave owners about the potential for slave resistance and fueled fears of further uprisings.

1619 Virginia

• Virginia commits to and encourages slavery

• British government ceased indentured servitude so the number of slaves are increasing

Salem Witch Trials

• Only in Salem

• Needed someone to blame for tensions

• Three original girls fathers were killed in frontier conflicts so they were isolated

• Were told to knock it off by the nearby church

Flushing Remonstrance

• Dutch letter petitioning greater religious tolerance for Jewish people in New netherlands to Peter Stuyvesant in 1657

• Jewish people were relatively successful within the colony

• Settlers in Flushing wanted an exemption from Quaker ban

• Precursor to freedom of religion

Restoration Colonies

• Carolinas, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania   

• Charles II supported → land grants (William Penn, etc)

• Supplied goods to England    

• significant because marking the resumption of English colonization of the Americas after a 30-year break

• also for their religious tolerance

• increased population

• New goods

• mercantilist polocies

• royal control

Royal Colonies

• Led by a royal governor

  • Virginia, New Hampshire, New York, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Carolinas and Georgia

Charter Colonies

• Colonial Government

• 17th century

• British colony ruled by charter not crown

  • establishing the rules under which the colony was to be governed. The charters of Rhode Island and Connecticut granted the colonists significantly more political liberty than other colonies.

• King had final say

• Ex: Connecticut, Rhode Island

Proprietary Colonies

• Given to individual people as a form of debt repayment

• Land grants, proprietors manage, full right of self-government

  • New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Carolinas, Maryland, Georgia

Great Awakening

• 1740:

  • Colony trade w Britain increasing / colony making profit & crown is happy → trade between colony increasing (more contact w each other)

  • Ministers notice empty church pews (falling of religious fervor) due to Enlightenment spreading from Europe to colonies (ppl questioning faith w reason)

  • Everyone is proud to be British / nobody thinks about leaving (yet)

• Churches noticed low attendance on Sundays

• Two ideologies

  • Jonathan Edwards: Puritan, You are a sinner in the eyes of god- there is a chance you can be saved but it’s not guaranteed; utilized fear

  • George Whitefield: Anglican, can be saved if you are born again

    • Emotional speaker

    • read your bible

    • show your faith- show emotions, sing, dance, testify your faith and ask questions

• Significant because the asking questions about religion led to asking questions about the colony’s tie to the motherland

“New Light” preachers

encouraged people of masses to come to the Christian faith

• Significant because rejected the rationalism of the Enlightenment and appealed to the passions of the audience members rather than their reason

Zenger Trial

• Every colony has its own assembly all have a role to play in tax policy and few other authorities

• Most colonies have a royal governor, acts as the arm of the king

  • Not chosen by any Americans

• New York

• Zenger took shot at Gov. Cosby in newspaper

• Arrested for libel → argues that not slander if it's true → jury nullification frees him → set precedent of freedom of press

• Arrested, jury nullification frees him → freedom of press

The French in Canada

Established purely for trade → beaver fur     

British Takeover of New Netherlands

• Holland (Netherlands) is commercial rival to England → Dutch establish New Netherlands → British don't want New Holland in between English colonies

“Shining City Upon a Hill”

• Massachusetts Bay Colony

• John Winthrop referencing his ideal religious (Puritan) society

Tobacco and Cash Crops

• Tobacco → Mostly Virginia and Maryland, easy to grow + sell

• Cash crops (cotton, tobacco, rice, indigo) → mass grown crops that are sold

Triangular Trade

• Africa → slaves

• West Indies + Charleston → molasses

• NY + Boston → rum

• Fear rose: 

  • 13 colonies had slaves - 90% in south 

  • Planters policy: don't let poor whites & black find common cause → possible undermine wealthy

  • Total pop + = Slaves + / south ratio 1:1 → fear of revolt / ideas of revolt → security +

• Significant because responsible for moving ideas, products, and people around the world.

King Philip’s War

• Rhode Island 1675

• Metacom (prince philip): Chief of the Wampanoags natives (northeastern woodlands)

• Rallies tribes in Massachusetts to fight & confront new England colonial gov abt intrusion of territory

• Huge casualties, huge war, decimated villages

• Result: King Phillip lose (colony has firearms) → no further native opposition to what Massachusetts wants & goes west to Algonquin Mountains → colonial expansion into native territory

Spanish Armada

• ½ of Spain’s navy: Huge fleet of Spanish ships

• aimed to overthrow and restore Catholicism over England 

Disaster:

• Over half destroyed by storm → beginning to end of Spanish empire → English ships now able to cross Atlantic → lead to Jamestown

The New England Confederation

• 1643 → Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Saybrook CN, New Haven

• Unite Puritans in support of church, defense against natives + Dutch

• Dissolved in 1680

The Albany Plan of Union

• Breakdown in NY of colonial-Mohawk relations

• Needed clear colonial-Indian policy

• If under attack, all must aid → like NATO

Hernando Cortez

• Spanish: Helped spain take the lead in European exploration 

  • Portugal (initial lead) shares maps

  • Europe good recovery from bubonic plague

  • Spain leads catholic inquisition for converts & money for economic spread of nationalism

• 1st Spanish Colonization

  • He burns the ships → forcing the men to find gold in Mexico: Conquistadores

  • Conquered Aztec empire in Mexico, driven by glory and fame

Francisco Pizarro

• Spanish Conquistador

• Explored West Indies, Yucatan peninsula, killed leaders/kings

• Heard stories of gold & riches     

Christopher Columbus

• Tried to find Indies, thought he found Asia, instead found America

• Brought permanent connection between Europeans + natives

• Led to age of exploration (rush of others after him → intense, colonization)

Henry Hudson

• English explorer who explored Canada + America    

John Smith

• Leader of Jamestown colony

• Established work ethic

• Improved relations with natives

• Created military dictatorship to save Virginia     

John Rolfe

• Created military dictatorship to save Virginia     

• Settler cultivated tobacco 

• Married pocahontas

The Powatans

• Occupied VA when English came

• Initially helped Jamestown settlers → later engaged in conflicts → lost wars

The Wampanoags

• Occupied Massachusetts when English came  

• Eventually enslaved, sold, etc     

• Participated in the 7 years war

The Algonquins

• Occupied Canada when French came   

• Side with the French      

• Diseases killed a lot of them        

Peter Stuyvesant

• Dutch

• Helped make New York orderly, good leader

• Last Dutch director-general of New Netherlands (eventually surrendered to British)

John Winthrop

• English Puritan, helped found Massachusetts colony          

• First governor

Governor Berkeley

• Governor of Virginia

• Lots of trade + relations with the Native people

Richard Hakluyt

• Encouraged people in writing to go to Virginia   

• utilized printing press

Nathaniel Bacon

• Unhappy with how Berkely (his cousin) had good relations w/ natives

• Felt that Berkely put native trade interests over the people

• Led 1676 rebellion against natives, massacred them, dies

Metacom (Prince Philip)

•  Chief of the Wampanoags

• Wanted to live in peace, couldn't, agreed to live under English law     

• Led native american rebellion against colonists, King Philip's War    

Pocahontas

• Kept chief from destroying VA

Roger Williams

• Puritan minister

• Founded colony of Rhode Island

• Separation of Church and State     

Anne Hutchinson

• Massachusetts

• Puritan minister   

• Helped found Rhode Island after kicked out of Massachusetts

John Peter Zenger

• New York

• Had newspaper, made fun of Gov. Cosby

• Taken to court → jury nullification → free press

George Whitefield

• Anglican

• Preacher of Great Awakening

• Emotional, good, kind, open-air speaker     

Jonathan Edwards

• Puritan

• Preacher of Great Awakening

• You’re all going to hell