AP HUG - Unit 5

Women gender roles in subsistence agriculture

Women often serve as primary cultivators of crops, responsible for food production and managing household gardens, while frequently handling livestock and participating in local markets.

Men gender roles in subsistence agriculture

Men typically engage in tasks such as land preparation, plowing, and more labor-intensive farm activities, while also managing the sale of surplus produce and making decisions about crop selection.

Women gender roles in commerical agriculture

Women often take on roles in labor, processing, marketing, and management, while also advocating for equitable access to resources and decision-making positions within agricultural systems.

Men gender roles in commercial agriculture

Men generally focus on larger-scale farming operations, managing equipment, overseeing laborers, and negotiating with buyers, often holding leadership roles in agricultural organizations.

Rural development funds

are financial resources allocated to enhance economic growth and improve living standards in rural areas, often supporting agricultural initiatives and infrastructure development.

Women stopping food insecurity

refers to initiatives and actions taken by women in agriculture to ensure access to adequate food for their communities by increasing production, improving food distribution, and enhancing nutritional knowledge. When women become more successful in agriculture, they bring more crop yields, resulting in less hunger

Women stereotypes in commercial agriculture

are preconceived notions that often depict women in agriculture as less capable than men, limiting their roles primarily to support functions rather than leadership or decision-making positions.

Women stereotypes in subsistence agriculture

refer to traditional beliefs that undermine women's contributions and capabilities in farming for household sustenance, often relegating them to less valued roles compared to men. Also, not allowing them to use machinery from the Green Revolution

Industrial revolution impact on women in subsistence farming

Resulted in most of women-done work to become taken over by machines and factories. However, with some countries, women got more agricultural work as men went to search for industrial jobs.

Plant and animal domestication

The process by which humans cultivate and breed wild plants and animals for food, labor, and companionship, marking significant advancements in agriculture and society.

Agricultural diffusion

The spread of agricultural practices, including crops and farming techniques, from one culture or region to another, significantly influencing food production and consumption.

The Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World following Christopher Columbus's voyage in 1492.

2nd agriculture revolution

A period of significant agricultural development between the 17th and 19th centuries, characterized by innovations such as crop rotation, selective breeding, and the introduction of new crops, leading to increased food production and efficiency.

Seed drill

A mechanical device invented in the early 18th century that sowed seeds at the correct depth and spacing, greatly improving planting efficiency and seed survival rates.

Steel plow

An agricultural tool invented in the early 19th century, designed to cut through tough soil and efficiently turn over soil, greatly enhancing farming productivity.

Mechanical reaper

An agricultural machine invented in the 19th century that quickly harvested grain crops, significantly reducing the time and labor required for harvesting and transforming agricultural practices.

Tractor

A powerful vehicle used on farms, designed to tow and operate various agricultural implements, revolutionizing modern farming by increasing efficiency and productivity.

Railroads/canals

Transportation networks that facilitated the movement of agricultural goods and resources, significantly boosting trade and economic growth in the 19th century.

Scythe

A hand-held agricultural tool used for harvesting crops, featuring a curved blade on a long handle, historically significant before the advent of mechanical harvesting equipment.

Agrichemical

Chemical products used in agriculture, including fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, aimed at enhancing crop production and protection.

Synthetic fertilizer

A type of agrichemical created through industrial processes, designed to supply essential nutrients to crops, thereby improving soil fertility and increasing agricultural yield.

Pesticide

A substance used for preventing, destroying, or controlling pests affecting crops, ensuring better yields and protecting plant health.

Herbicide

A type of pesticide specifically designed to kill or inhibit the growth of unwanted plants, commonly known as weeds, to protect crop productivity and enhance agricultural output.

Green revolution

A period of agricultural transformation in the mid-20th century characterized by the adoption of high-yield crops, synthetic fertilizers, and improved irrigation techniques, which significantly increased food production worldwide.

Cross-breading

A method used in agriculture to create new plant varieties by merging the genetic material of two different species or strains, enhancing traits like yield and disease resistance.

Double cropping

The practice of growing two different crops in the same field during a single growing season, maximizing land use and increasing overall yield.

Multi cropping

The practice of growing multiple crops in the same field across different growing seasons or simultaneously, improving land productivity and resource utilization.

Nutrient pollution

The contamination of water bodies with excess nutrients, primarily from agricultural runoff, leading to problems like algal blooms and water quality degradation.

Endemic

species native to a specific region or environment, often found nowhere else.

Environmental contamination

The degradation of the natural environment due to pollutants and harmful substances from fertilizer buildup

Soil salinization

The process by which water-soluble salts accumulate in the soil, often due to improper irrigation and drainage practices, adversely affecting crop production.

Soil salinity

refers to the concentration of soluble salts in soil, which can negatively affect plant growth and agricultural productivity.

Substinance agriculture

Food production for consumption of those who are farming.

Commercial agriculture

Agricultural practices done for profit maximization and to sell.

Capital expenditures

Cost of money on every aspect of farming, such as seeds, tools, etc.

Bid-rent theory

Explains how when the distance from central business district increases, the price of a plot of plant decreases.

Central business district

Cluster of offices and shops located at the most accesible part of the city, most of the time in the center.

Monocropping/monoculture

Cultivation of a single crop on extensive tracks of land.

Agricooperative

An experience when farmers share resources and buildings for farming purposes. This reduces costs and unifies farms together

Family farm

A farm owned by a family, where no corporation can hold power over the use of the land or how the farm is run.

Commodity

In agriculture, it is a primary product that is used in plentiful amounts and is bought/sold.

Commodity chain

Links connecting the production, land, and distribution of a commodity product.

Agribuisness

Large corporations that have substantial control over the agriculture industry. They give goods/services to support the industry.

Concentrated animal feeding operation

A system of confining livestock in a small pen for it to grow and accommodate area for it to get fed and remove waste.

Cool chain

The use of cooling technology to keep products fresh through the transportation and use of the items.

Intensive agriculture

maximizes food production from small land areas using high inputs like fertilizers, pesticides, machinery, and technology (e.g., irrigation, GMOs) to achieve high yields

extensive agriculture

a farming system using large tracts of land with minimal labor, capital, and inputs (like fertilizer), focusing on lower yields per acre but covering vast areas, common in regions with abundant land and lower population densities, exemplified by ranching, nomadic herding, and shifting cultivation

Substinence farming

a farming practice where farmers grow food primarily for their own consumption rather than for sale, emphasizing self-sufficiency and local needs.

Commercial farming

a farming system focused on producing crops and livestock for sale in the market, emphasizing profit maximization and often using advanced technology and large-scale operations.

Intensive substinence farming

a farming practice that maximizes output on smaller plots of land, using high labor inputs, advanced techniques, and often providing food primarily for local consumption.

Intensive comercial farming

a farming system that focuses on maximizing production on small plots of land, utilizing high inputs of technology and labor to produce crops and livestock for sale in the market.

Extensive substinence farming

a farming approach that relies on larger areas of land with lower labor and input intensity, typically supporting local populations with food.

Extensive comercial farming

a farming practice that utilizes large areas of land, emphasizing lower input per unit area, to produce crops and livestock for sale in broader markets.

Global supply chain

The network of processes and organizations involved in the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services on a global scale.

Contract farming

a farming arrangement in which farmers grow crops under contract for buyers, who provide technical advice and often purchase the entire harvest.

Export commodity

a product or raw material that is grown or produced in one country and sold to another for consumption or processing.

Agribuisness pros

they offer crops year round even when in season and boost efficiency in the agriculture industry

Agribusiness cons

Farmers have no control over land, when they plant, the inability to plant for locals (which causes food insecurity) - suppresion of farmers

Subsidies

government financial help (like payments, tax breaks) to support industries (especially agriculture) or activities, aiming for economic stability, affordable food, or green initiatives

Famine

A severe shortage of food resulting in widespread hunger and suffering, often caused by factors such as drought, war, or economic instability.

Value added speciality crop

Crops that have been enhanced or processed to increase their market value, such as organic produce or artisan products.

Pollution

the introduction of harmful substances or products into the environment, causing adverse effects on ecosystems and human health.

Runoff

water that flows over land and into bodies of water, often carrying pollutants and nutrients that can harm aquatic ecosystems.

Land transformation

the alteration of natural landscapes through activities such as urban development, agriculture, and deforestation, leading to habitat loss and environmental changes.

Deforestation

the clearing or removal of forests or trees, often to make way for agriculture or urbanization, resulting in loss of biodiversity and disruption of local ecosystems.

Deadzone

an area in a body of water where oxygen levels are so low that most marine life cannot survive, often resulting from nutrient pollution and runoff.

Shifting cultivation

a traditional agricultural practice where farmers alternately cultivate a field for a few years and then leave it fallow to restore soil fertility, often seen in tropical regions.

Old growth forests

forests that have developed over long periods without significant disturbance, characterized by large, old trees and rich biodiversity.

water control land reclemation

the process of converting disturbed or degraded land into productive agricultural land by managing water resources and improving soil conditions.

Irrigation

the artificial application of water to soil to assist in growing crops, which enhances agricultural productivity and can help manage water scarcity.

Water mining

the extraction of water from groundwater sources to support agriculture or industrial processes, often leading to depletion of aquifers and ecological impacts.

Aquifers

underground layers of water-bearing rock that store and transmit groundwater.

Biofuel

A renewable energy source made from organic materials, such as plant and animal waste, used as an alternative to fossil fuels.

Biodiesel

A type of biofuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats, used as a renewable alternative to diesel fuel.

Sustainable agriculture

farming practices that meet current food needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It emphasizes environmental health, economic profitability, and social equity.

Supply chain

The network through which products and services travel from the supplier to the consumer, including all processes involved in the production, distribution, and consumption.

Specialization

The practice of focusing on a specific area of production or service to increase efficiency and productivity, often leading to greater output and quality.

Cash crops

crops produced primarily for sale rather than for personal consumption, typically grown in large quantities for profit.

Industrial scale operations

Large-scale production processes designed for efficiency and profitability, often involving advanced technologies and automation to maximize output.

Global agriculture systems

The interconnected agricultural practices and production methods across different regions that address global food supply, trade, and sustainability challenges.

Local agriculture systems

Agricultural practices and production methods that are specifically tailored to local conditions, communities, and markets, often emphasizing sustainability and local food security.

Rural area

An area located outside of urban centers, typically characterized by open space, agriculture, and a lower population density. Rural areas often support farming, forestry, and other land-based activities.

Rural settlement

A community situated in a rural area, where residents often engage in agriculture and rely on local resources for livelihood.

Agricultural landscape

A region characterized by the presence of farms, fields, and crops, showcasing the interaction between agriculture and the natural environment.

Market gardening

A type of commercial gardening focused on growing vegetables and fruits for local markets, typically utilizing small plots of land.

Truck farming

a type of commercial farming that involves the cultivation of vegetables, fruits, and flowers for big amounts of sale.

Plantations

large-scale agricultural estates that primarily grow cash crops, often utilizing extensive labor forces.

Mixed crops/livestock

A farming system that involves the simultaneous cultivation of crops alongside raising livestock, promoting biodiversity and resource use efficiency.

Stewardship

the responsible management of land, water, and natural resources to ensure sustainability and environmental health.

Permanent housing

structures designed for long-term residency, providing shelter for agricultural workers and their families while supporting agricultural activities.

Paddy rice farming

A method of cultivating rice in flooded fields, typically using a waterlogged environment to promote growth and protect the plants from pests.

Grain farming

The practice of cultivating crops such as wheat, corn, and barley primarily for food production and animal feed, often utilizing large-scale agricultural techniques.

Livestock farming

The raising and breeding of animals for food, fiber, and labor, including cattle, sheep, pigs, and poultry, often integrated with crop production.

Livestock fattening

The process of feeding animals, particularly cattle or pigs, with high-energy diets to increase their weight and improve meat quality prior to slaughter.

Dairy farming

The practice of raising cattle, goats, or other animals for milk production, which can be processed into dairy products such as cheese, yogurt, and butter.

Family farm

A farm operated by a family that typically grows crops and raises animals for their own consumption and for sale, emphasizing sustainable practices and community engagement.

Silo

A structure for storing bulk materials, primarily used for storing grain or fermented feed known as silage.

Feed lot

A confined area where livestock are fed and fattened for market, typically involving high-density animal agriculture.

Shifting cultivations

A traditional agricultural practice where farmers clear a piece of land, cultivate it for a few years, and then move to a new area, allowing the original site to regenerate.

Nomadic herding

A form of pastoralism in which people move from one place to another to find fresh pastures for their livestock, often following seasonal patterns.