Bio Principles Practical Review

Which of the following is NOT a common shape of prokaryotes?

branched

Which is true regarding gram negative bacteria?

has little peptidoglycan in their cell wall; turns pink

True or false: cell walls are in all prokaryotes and some eukaryotes.

true

Gram staining technique uses two of the following stains to dye bacteria. Circle the two stains that used in Gram staining.

- Red Dye Safranin
- Crystal Violet

Which of the following is the part of a bacterial cell that contributes to the cell's ability to adhere to surfaces or other individuals in a colony? Often known as the slime layer, this is the outermost layer of bacteria.

capsule

What are the extensions that are used for sexual reproduction in a bacteria cell?

pili

Which of the following are correct about archaea?

I. Lack peptidoglycan
II. more closely related to the domain eukarya than bacteria
IV. are extremophiles

Bacteria Cell

Which of the following describes the relationship between enzymes and pH?

enzymes have distinct optimum pH ranges

How do enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions?

by lowering the activation energy

Which of the following is the definition of a catalyst?

a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being chnaged

While some enzymes can be RNA molecules, most enzymes are which of the following?

Proteins

What is the definition of activation energy?

the initial investment of energy for starting a reaction

True or false: galactose is an example of an enzyme.

false

Presence of an enzyme

catalyst is lower. no catalyst is higher

Active site

the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

Substrate

The reactant on which an enzyme works

Enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

Can ribosomes act as an enzyme?

yes

What pathway is cellular respiration and what kind of process is it?

catabolic pathway and aerobic process

Which stage of cellular respiration generates the most ATP?

oxidative phosphorylation

Where does oxidation phosphorylation occur?

the inner mitochondrial membrane

What is the net input for oxidative phosphorylation?

NADH and FADH2

What are the two electron shuttles present in cellular respiration?

NADH and FADH2

True or false: cellular respiration is the process in which energy is released from glucose in one single explosive step.

false

Which stage of cellular respiration DOES NOT produce ATP as a net output?

pyruvate oxidation

Which of the following is NOT a net output for the citric acid cycle?

2 acetyl CoA

Fill in the reaction for cellular respiration below:
glucose + oxygen ->

6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP

What is the name of the enzyme that is used in chemiosmosis to generate ATP.

ATP synthase

Approximately, what is the maximum amount of ATP generated from one glucose molecule in cellular respiration?

30

Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding the electron transport ETC?

- all of the above are correct

True or false: energy is required to move particles against their concentration gradient

true

What is the net output glycolysis per two glucose molecules?

4 pyruvates

True or false: the citric acid cycle is also known as the Calvin Cycle

false

Which of the following is the CORRECT order of the electron transport chain in the light reaction phase of photosynthesis?

Photosystem II, cytochrome complex, photosystem I, NADP+

What is the use of light energy to produce ATP from ADP?

photophosphorylation

true or false: rubisco catalyzes the reaction to form organic molecules (3-PGA) in phase 1 carbon fixation of the Calvin Cycle

true

what is the name of a leaf's pores where carbon dioxide and oxygen enter and exit during photosynthesis?

stomata

the stage of cell signaling where a receptor detects a chemical signal is called

signal reception

what is the main function of the Calvin cycle?

to synthesize organic molecules

true or false: different areas on our bodies have different sensory receptive field sizes, giving certain areas like fingertips higher resolutions, resulting in higher sensitivity.

true

true or false: plants only do photosynthesis, not cellular respiration

false

what was the name of the test we did to discern that two nearby objects that are touching the skin are truly two distinct points, not one?

two-point discrimination test

true or false: in the light reaction step in photosynthesis, NADPH is the final electron acceptor

false

which of the following is true about the ability to taste the chemical PTC?

- it is a dominant trait and hereditary
- given PTC test strip, a person who is a strong taster would say that it tastes incredibly bitter
- the genetic differences between a strong taster and a non-taster is in the bitter taste-sensing type 2 receptor (TAS2R)

what structure does the Calvin cycle occur in?

stroma

which of the following types of signaling are examples of local cell signaling?

paracrine signaling and synaptic signaling

what are the inputs for the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) in photosynthesis?

NADPH and ATP

true or false: TAS2R is a G-protein coupled receptor

true

Flagella

hair-like structures involved in cell locomotion

central vacoule

stores water and nutrients in a plant cell

Smooth ER

lacks ribosomes; synthesizes lipids and detoxification

Endoplasmic reticulum

transport system of the cell

Explain the endosymbiosis theory and name the two organelles involved.

a eukaryotic cell formed when a prokaryotic engulfed another cell, giving rise to mitochondria and chloroplast DNA

Which of the following has the correct order for the cell cycle?

G1, S, G2, M

During which phase of the cell cycle is the DNA replicated?

S

anaphase

chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

telophase

in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed

during which phase of meiosis are the sister chromatids moving away from one another to opposite poles?

anaphase II

crossing over occurs during which phase of meiosis?

prophase I

true or false: independent assortment/orientation occurs in metaphase II

false, metaphase 1

true or false: mitosis produces two diploid daughter cells, while meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells

true

true or false: mitosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes

false

a body cell is also referred to as a .....

somatic cell

in the human body, a diploid cell has 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be present in a human haploid cell _____?

23

What is the name of the protein structure that connects to the centromere of sister chromatids to pull the chromatids to opposite poles of the cell during mitosis?

spindle fiber

how many chromosomes are there?

4

how many chromatids are there?

8

how many sister chromatids are there?

4

what is the function of DNA polymerase?

an enzyme that is responsible for forming new strands of DNA

nucleotides are NOT composed of which of the following?

six carbon sugars

what does PCR stand for?

polymerase chain reaction

what are the three steps in PCR, and in the correct order?

denaturing, annealing, and extension

what is the technique used to separate charged molecules by size, like DNA?

gel electrophoresis

true or false: DNA is negatively charged

true

a substance that makes your body's immune system react is called?

antigen

true or false: adenine and thymine are purines

false, adenine and guanine (pure as gold)

which of the following is not a carbohydrate?

triglycerides

which of the following are the five nitrogenous bases in RNA?

uracil, cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine

which macromolecule is the main energy source of the body?

carbohydrates

which indictor solution would you use to test for the presence of proteins and what color would you expect to see for a positive result?

biuret test / violet

which of the following statements is incorrect?

steroids are an example of a protein

true or false: Sudan IV test is used to test for starches and will turn blue/black in color when starches are detected in the sample

false

If we had a mystery test sample that was grinded up to create a liquid, then we added a few drops of benedicts test solution, and sample turns orange-red, which of the following examples could be our mystery sample according to this result?

oreos

select the tree components of a nucleotide

- nitrogenous base
- five carbon sugar
- phosphate group

what are the building blocks of proteins?

amino acids

which of the following is a correct statement about lipids?

- fats can help with vitamin absorption
- most unsaturated fats are liquids at room temp = oils
- in plant, fat/oil can be stored in seeds
- mammals store fats in specialized cells called adipoctes

How many amino acids are there in the human body?

20

PPE stands for?

personal protective equipment

PPE may include

nitrile gloves, lab coat, safety goggles, face shields

where to discard a syringe that was uses for injecting a vaccine to a human patient

red waste bin

regarding chemical safety, one must always take into consideration....

- the proper storage and handling of a chemical
- mixing chemicals cautiously and according to instructions
- the proper use of fume hoods, if applicable

which of the following are not lab safety rules?

lab experiments can be carried out without your instructor present

list one reason why it is necessary to wear closed-toed shoes in a lab

avoid injury to feet

chemical waste goes in

white bottle-like container

biohazard waste goes in

red biohazard bin

non-hazardous waste goes in

regular trash or recycling

clean broken glass goes in

broken glassware box (non-hazardous waste)

Which law has two alleles for a heritable characteristic segregate during gamete formation in meiosis to end up in different gametes?

law of segregation

Do dominant traits skip generations?

no