BIO PSYC EXAM 3!!1

_______ is defined as a state of awareness - both inner and outer awareness

consciousness

consciousness is considered to be _______ - meaning that although lots of changes can happen either internally or externally, consciousness is perceived as unbroken

dynamic

consciousness is produced by _______

brain activity

_______ is defined as a lack of awareness

unconsciousness

what are three examples of MEDICAL disorders of consciousness? (pop quiz)

coma, vegetative state, and minimally conscious state

name the medical disorder of consciousness where someone is unable to respond to anything and are typically reliant on medical machines for things like breathing; can also be medically induced

coma

name the medical disorder of consciousness where someone can typically breathe on their own and their eyes may be able to open and close (this is not a sign of them getting better) but they are still unconscious

vegetative state

name the medical disorder of consciousness where someone shows intermittent signs of arousal and awareness along with being in a state of unconsciousness

minimally conscious state

in humans, some things are always working - this is called _______

automatic processes

our consciousness can fall victim to _______, this occurs when some early stimulus affects a later stimulus/behavior/response and we don’t realize that they’re connected

priming

giving someone a list 5 words (let’s say aggressive, impatient, rude, mean, and dismissive) and then giving them a survey and they respond in ways that are similar to the 5 words is an example of what?

priming

_______ are things that are presented to people so quickly that they’re really below our consciousness awareness, but they’re up there (used a lot in advertising, doesn’t really work though)

subliminal messages

which part of the brain is important for emotional memory and picks up “scary” information before the rest of you?

amygdala

sleep is a _______, not the absence of one

behavior

true or false: humans are the only mammals that will willingly delay sleep

true

why is sleep deprivation dangerous? give 4 aspects of behavior that you see when someone is sleep deprived

irritability, dizziness, tremors, and cognitive problems

how did researchers find out about the different stages of sleep early on?

EEG

a _______ measures brain activity

EEG

a _______ measures brain activity (remember EEG) and also eye movements

polysomnograph

what kind of brain waves do you see when someone is aroused and alert?

beta waves

what kind of brain waves do you see if someone is in a more relaxed state of mind (still awake though)

alpha waves

which stage of sleep is the transition stage between wakefulness and sleep?

stage 1

in what stage of sleep do you see hypnogogic hallucinations?

stage 1

in what stage of sleep is an individual actually asleep but if you wake them up they’ll swear that they weren’t

stage 2

stages 3 and 4 of sleep are known as _______ sleep

slow wave

in which stage(s) of sleep has the brain stopped relaying sensory information?

stages 3 and 4

when does REM sleep occur

90 minutes after you sleep and after you’ve gone through all the other stages

what type of brain waves do you see when someone is in REM sleep?

beta waves

if you wake someone up during REM sleep they’ll be immediately _______

cognizant

during REM sleep does heart rate, blood pressure, etc. increase or decrease?

increase

if deprived of REM, the body’s attempts to enter REM _______

increase

what are the names of the three theories that explain why we have to sleep (we went over them in class)

• evolutionary theory of sleep

• restoration theory

• information processing theory

the _______ theory of sleep points to the idea about how much predators sleep versus pray (makes more sense for every other animal, not so much humans according to dr. kelly)

evolutionary

the _______ theory of sleep argues that sleep is vital for memory formation

information processing theory

_______ are sleep disorders that involve either falling asleep or remaining asleep

dyssomnias

_______ is a type of dyssomnia where an individual simply doesn’t get enough sleep and is characterized by hyperarousal

insomnia

what does an actual clinical diagnosis for insomnia require?

3 straight weeks without getting enough sleep (can’t have a blip in the middle or you start over)

35-40% of the population reports having insomnia, but the true percentage is around ___

10%

people with insomnia report feeling _______, NOT sleepy

exhausted

what are the three types of insomnia?

• onset insomnia

• maintenance insomnia

• termination insomnia

which type of insomnia is characterized by an individual having trouble falling asleep?

onset insomnia

which type of insomnia is characterized by an individual having trouble staying asleep (they have multiple sleep-wake events in a night and cannot maintain good sleep)

maintenance insomnia

which type of insomnia is characterized by an individual waking up early and not being able to fall back asleep?

termination insomnia

what is the best treatment for insomnia?

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

taking sleeping pills is a horrible idea for insomnia and can cause another type of insomnia known as _______

iatrogenic insomnia

_______ is a dyssomnia characterized by the inability to breathe while sleeping

sleep apnea

what are the two kinds of sleep apnea?

central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea

which type of sleep apnea (central or obstructive) is more common?

obstructive

_______ is a dyssomnia characterized by unexpected periods of sleep occurring during periods of wakefulness

narcolepsy

what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 narcolepsy?

type 1 has cataplexy as a symptom

_______ is extreme muscle weakness and causes individuals to just drop and fall asleep (a symptom of type 1 narcolepsy)

cataplexy

typical sleep periods during narcoleptic events last _____ mins (some can last up to 15 mins though, or just a few seconds (microsleeps))

2-4

narcoleptic attacks are brought on by _______

strong emotion

what is the usual treatment for narcolepsy?

stimulants

_______ are sleep disorders characterized by unwanted behaviors that occur during sleep

parasomnias

_______ is a parasomnia where muscle atonia does not occur when an individual hits REM sleep (this is where people act out their dreams)

REM behavior disorder

what is the treatment for REM behavior disorder?

clonazepam (anti-seizure medication) which has a 90% control rate

_______ is a parasomnia that is completely harmless and occurs in all stages of sleep

sleep talking

_______ is parasomnia which occurs during slow wave sleep (stages 3 & 4) and occurs mostly in children ages 2-5

sleep walking

what brain area is repsonsible for area to priming to occur (pop quiz)

amygdala

how long does your biological clock last in a day (pop quiz)

24 hours

does longterm sleep deprivation cause brain damage (pop quiz)

YES

what stage of sleep may result in hallucinations (pop quiz)

stage 1 - hypnogogic

how long does a complete sleep cycle last (pop quiz)

about 90 minutes

muscle atonia occurs in which stage of sleep? (pop quiz)

REM

which theory of sleep talks about sleep being a time the brain repairs itself (pop quiz)

restoration theory

what stages of sleep are critical for for the brain processing theory of sleep (pop quiz)

slow wave (3 and 4 stages) sleep and REM

insomnia is categorized by hyperarousal (pop quiz)

TRUE

CFAT machines are used to treat what? (pop quiz)

sleep apnea

narcelopsy is extreme muscle weakness. what is that called? (pop quiz)

cataplexy

if someone is sleep walking, what stage of sleep are you sure they’re NOT in? (pop quiz)

REM sleep (muscle antonia)

depressants include: (pop quiz)

alcohol and benzodiazepines

heroine breaks down the morphine, so why is it stronger than morphine? (pop quiz)

it gets to the brain quicker

why do people OD on fentanyl (pop quiz)

they stop breathing - modal-a

the most addictive stimulant drug is: (pop quiz)

nicotine

what drug schedule is marijuana currently listed under? (pop quiz)

schedule 1

what is it called when you eventually stop noticing something thats unimportant to you? (pop quiz)

hibutuation

two things that occur close together in time is the definition of what kind of learning? (pop quiz)

associative learning

if you repeadetly offer the CS not followed by the UCS, what happens? (pop quiz)

distinction

opperant conditioning displays what kind of behaviors? (pop quiz)

voluntary

what are a couple of examples of secondary reinforcers (pop quiz)

money and good grades

negative reinforcement leads to a decrease in responding? True of False? (pop quiz)

false

what kind of reinforcement schedule leads to a response being rewarded every single time an animal commits it? (pop quiz)

continuous reinforcement

if a child is no longer grounded because she does better in school, what is that? (pop quiz)

negative reinforcement

if you use excessive procimations to teach your dog to shake, what technique are you using> (pop quiz)

shaping

“ah-hah” learning is also known as ___ learning. (pop quiz)

inside (insight)

a failure to escape a negative situation because of a failure to do so in the past is known as ___? (pop quiz)

learn helplessness

memory involves encoding, storage, and retrieval, which one relies on attention? (pop quiz)

encoding

memories for highly significant, typically public events, are known as what kind of memory? (pop quiz)

flash balling

three box theory of memory, what were the kinds of memory? (pop quiz)

1. sensory

2. short term memory

3. working memory

sensory memory contains what two types of memory? (pop quiz)

1. iconic (sight)

2. echo ite (sound)

generally speaking, memories that you know are memories, what are they called? (pop quiz)

explicit memories (semantic - book learning and episodic - YOUR memories)

what kind of memory is riding a bike? (pop quiz)

implicit memory or procedural memory

context-dependent learning includes what 3 things that affect memory? (pop quiz)

1. physical environment

2. sensory context

3. emotional state

the physical representation of learning in the brain is called what? (pop quiz)

engrame (LPT)

the dotson law states that the cortisol/memory relationship is a ___ (pop quiz)

an inverted U-shape curve

for americans, driving in europe can be tricky due to __ interference (pop quiz)

proactive

____ amnesia occurs when you can’t form new memories (pop quiz)

anterograde

whem someone has a photographic memory, it really is a ___ memory (pop quiz)

idicrate

an awarness of your body and how you use your own memory is called what? (pop quiz)

meta memory