APUSH - Period 6 & 7

Great Plains

In the ________, farming and ranching were the main forms of employment, aided by new farm machinery and mail- order retail.

Benjamin Harrison

________ and allies passed major legislation (meat inspection act, banning lotteries, battleships)

Municipal governments

________ were practically nonexistent, and services for the poor were provided by churches, private charities, and ethnic communities, or by corrupt political bosses.

Industrialization

________: introduction of faster machines in manufacturing leading to economies of scale and decreased cost per unit.

Wilson Gorman Tariff

________ considered one of the causes of the Spanish- American War.

Grover Cleveland

________ believed in minimal government intervention.

Maine

The explosion of American warship ________ in Havana harbor led to war with Spain.

Agricultural science

________ became a large industry in the US.

Booker T Washington

________: Born into slavery, no illusions of white society accepting Blacks as equals.

financial panics

Problems with Consolidation: required large amounts of money leading to ________ and bank failures, public resentment, and government response in the form of antitrust legislation.

ICC

________ was active until deregulated by Reagan administration in 1980s.

Ranchers

________ drove their herds across the western plains and deserts, disregarding property rights and Native American rights to the land.

Factories

________ were established in cities in the 19th century to reduce labor costs and maximize profits.

Lincoln

________ challenged America to have a Transcontinental Railroad connecting the country within a decade (1863- 1869)

Corporate Consolidation

________: large businesses resulting from economies of scale and lack of government regulations, leading to monopolies and holding companies.

William H Seward

________ set precedent for increased American participation in Western Hemisphere.

Oregon

The Nez Perce tribe in ________ was forced to migrate to a reservation in Idaho, leading to resistance by Chief Joseph.

Populist goals

________ gained popularity during the financial crisis of 1893- 1897.

Granger laws

________ regulated the railroads in the 1870s and 1880s.

depot towns

Rails transformed ________ into cities and facilitated faster travel, contact with ideas and technological advances from the East, and contributed to the Industrial Revolution.

Vertical Integration

________: one company buys out all the factors of production from raw materials to finished product, still allowing competition in the marketplace.

Homestead Act

The ________ and Morrill Land- Grant Act were passed by the federal government to attract settlers and develop the West.

William Boss

________ "Tweed of Tammany Hall in New York City was a notorious political boss who embezzled millions of dollars through corruption.

Interstate Commerce Commission

Set up the ________ (ICC) to regulate railroad activities.

Spain

________ ceded the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the U.S. in the Treaty of Paris.

South Dakota

Statehood of North Dakota, ________, Washington, Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho was achieved by 1889.

Horizontal Integration

________: combining smaller companies within the same industry to form a larger company through legal buyouts or illegal practices.

Sherman Antitrust Act

________ of 1890: law forbidding "restraint of trade "combination, ambiguous wording leading to pro- business Supreme Court interpretation.

Fish Commission

________ was established to protect fish species, which led to the creation of National Parks and Forest Services.

Railroad construction

________ was paid for by the public but the rail proprietors resisted government control of their industry.

Hawaii economy

________ collapsed in 1890s due to U.S. tariffs and dependence on trade with U.S.

Industrialization

introduction of faster machines in manufacturing leading to economies of scale and decreased cost per unit

Assembly line production

employees performing repetitive tasks leading to increased efficiency but also dangerous working conditions and long working hours

Corporate Consolidation

large businesses resulting from economies of scale and lack of government regulations, leading to monopolies and holding companies

Horizontal Integration

combining smaller companies within the same industry to form a larger company through legal buyouts or illegal practices

Vertical Integration

one company buys out all the factors of production from raw materials to finished product, still allowing competition in the marketplace

Problems with Consolidation

required large amounts of money leading to financial panics and bank failures, public resentment, and government response in the form of antitrust legislation

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

law forbidding "restraint of trade" combination, ambiguous wording leading to pro-business Supreme Court interpretation

Gospel of Wealth

idea that wealth should be used for the betterment of society and not just for personal gain, advocated by Andrew Carnegie

1883

Court reversed Civil Rights Act of 1875

1896

Supreme Court ruled "separate but equal" facilities were legal

Booker T. Washington

Born into slavery, no illusions of white society accepting Blacks as equals

Foreign Policy

The Tariff and Imperialism

Arguments for annexation

Europe would conquer Philippines, U.S. moral obligation to "Christianize and civilize" Filipinos

Arguments against annexation

promote independence and democracy, U.S. no better than British tyrants they overthrew

Hoover

________ initially opposed federal relief efforts, but later initiated a few programs and campaigned for works projects.

Consumerism

________ was fueled by the rise of household appliances and the advertising industry.

Gangster Era

________ inspired many movies and television series.

Washington Conference

The ________ was held in 1921- 1922 and resulted in a treaty that limited armaments and reaffirmed the Open Door Policy toward China.

Sedition Act

________ made it illegal to try to prevent the sale of war bonds or speak disparagingly of the government, military, or Constitution.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

Hoover had the ________ established to bail out large companies and banks.

National Industrial Recovery Act

________ (NIRA) consolidated businesses and coordinated activities to eliminate overproduction.

Harry S Truman

________ represented the US after Roosevelt's death.

FDR

________ signed Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, creating first peacetime draft in US history.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

________ (AAA) provided payments to farmers in return for cutting production, funded by increased taxes on food processors.

Civilian Conservation Corps

________ (CCC) provided grants to states for their own PWA- like projects.

Schenck

________ was arrested and convicted for violating the Espionage Act by printing and mailing leaflets urging men to resist the draft.

New Deal

The ________ was a result of a powerful presidency and public confidence in Roosevelt.

Harlem Renaissance

The ________ was marked by the growth of theaters, cultural clubs, and newspapers.

Germans

Allies fought ________ primarily in Soviet Union and Mediterranean until D- Day invasion in France.

major consumer

The automobile was a(n) ________ product in the 1920s and typified the new spirit of the nation.

Roosevelt

________ poured money into the military and worked to assist the Allies within the limits of the neutrality acts.

Nye Commission

The ________ revealed unethical activities by American arms manufacturers, leading to the passage of neutrality acts.

Kellogg Briand Pact

In 1928, 62 nations signed the ________, which condemned war as a means of foreign policy.

Germany

Treaty of Versailles punished ________, left humiliated and in economic ruin.

Dust Bowl

Depression had a calamitous effect on millions of Americans: job loss, savings loss, homeless and shantytowns, rural farmers struggled, drought and ________, agrarian unrest, Farmers Holiday Association.

Great Depression

Roosevelt's response to ________ was guided by Keynesian economics.

Jazz

________ was popularized and became emblematic of the era, with Louis Armstrong as a major figure.

Manhattan Project

________ of 1942 was research and development effort for atomic bombs.

Ku Klux Klan

________ grew to over 5 million members.

1906 1922

The US occupied Cuba for 10 years (________), causing anti- American sentiments.

Entertainment

________ saw growth in movies, sports, and literature with world- class authors like F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway.

Teddy Roosevelt

Progressive presidents: ________, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson.

WW2

________ affected almost every aspect of daily life and created new opportunities and tensions in American society.

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

The ________ allowed the president to reduce tariffs for foreign policy goals.

Progressive Era

The ________ resulted in many reforms, including conservation, regulation of monopolies and trusts, and the establishment of federal standards in food and drug industries.

Hawley Smoot Tariff

________ worsened the economy.

Roosevelt Corollary

The ________ to the Monroe Doctrine, also known as the Big Stick Policy, was used to justify repeated military intervention in Latin America due to the assertion of a threat to American security.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

The Banking Act of 1933 created the ________ (FDIC) to guarantee bank deposits.

Public Works Administration

________ (PWA) set aside $ 3 billion to create jobs building roads, sewers, public housing units, etc.

Woodrow Wilson

________ won the election of 1912 with a policy of neutrality, but it posed immediate problems due to close relationships with England and relatively distant relationship with Germany and Austria- Hungary.

Espionage Act

________ prohibited interference with the war effort or draft through the U.S. mail system.

Good Neighbor Policy

The US tried to adopt a(n) ________ in Latin America in 1934, but continued to promote American interests through economic coercion and support of pro- American leaders.

Rosie the Riveter

________ symbolized the millions of women who worked in war- related industrial jobs.

Labor Disputes Act

________ of 1943 allowed government takeover of businesses deemed necessary to national security.

Yalta conference

________ held in February 1945 between Allies (US, UK, USSR) to discuss the fate of postwar Europe.

Harlem Renaissance

The ________ was a major cultural development in the largest Black neighborhood in New York City.

Roosevelt

________ was an even more devout imperialist than McKinley, strongarming Cuba into accepting the Platt Amendment which committed Cuba to American control.

Progressive Era

________ marked increasing involvement of federal government in daily life.

Factors contributing to the Great Depression

Europe's economy due to WWI and reparations, overproduction leading to lay offs and low market value, production outstripping ability to buy, concentration of wealth and power in a few businessmen, government laxity in regulation

Depression had a calamitous effect on millions of Americans

job loss, savings loss, homeless and shantytowns, rural farmers struggled, drought and Dust Bowl, agrarian unrest, Farmers Holiday Association

Most famous line of the speech

"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself-nameless, unreasoning, unjustified fear."