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Flashcards covering key concepts of glycolysis, fermentation, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
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What is the main product of glycolysis from glucose?
Pyruvate, a three-carbon sugar.
During glycolysis, which molecule is reduced to NADH?
NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
In the cytoplasm of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Which type of phosphorylation occurs during glycolysis when converting glucose to glucose-6-phosphate?
Phosphorylation reaction.
Is sugar phosphorylation an endergonic or exergonic process?
It is an endergonic process.
What is formed from the hydrolysis of ATP during sugar phosphorylation?
ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
What kind of reaction is the conversion of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate?
Redox reaction where electrons are transferred.
What are the main inputs of glycolysis?
ADP, NAD+, and glucose.
What are the major outputs of glycolysis?
ATP, NADH, and pyruvate.
What is the purpose of fermentation in cellular processes?
To recycle NADH to NAD+, allowing glycolysis to continue.
What gas is produced during pyruvate oxidation?
Carbon dioxide (CO2).
What is the main input for the citric acid cycle?
Acetyl-CoA.
What is one major gaseous output of the citric acid cycle?
Carbon dioxide (CO2).
What type of phosphorylation occurs in the citric acid cycle?
Substrate-level phosphorylation.
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in eukaryotic cells?
In the inner mitochondrial membrane.
What gradients are formed during oxidative phosphorylation?
A proton gradient.
What is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
Oxygen.
What type of transport is used by ATP synthase to produce ATP?
Facilitated diffusion of protons.
What happens to the potential energy released in the electron transport chain?
It is used to pump protons, creating a gradient.
What is the energy released by the electron transport chain used for?
To transport protons and drive ATP synthesis.
If the terminal electron acceptor is not oxygen, what type of respiration occurs?
Anaerobic respiration.
What is chemiosmosis?
The movement of protons across the mitochondrial membrane to produce ATP.