(H) Anatomy and Physiology 1 Test Review

Most abundant and variable tissue type

Connective tissue

Which type of tissue has cells not in direct contact?

Connective tissue

What is in between the cells in connective tissue?

Intercellular material called the matrix

What is the matrix composed of?

Fibers and ground substance (varies from liquid to solid depending on type of CT)

What are the types of cells in connective tissue?

Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells

Fibroblasts characteristics

Do not move, produced during wound healing process, secretes proteins and produces fibers and ground substances

Macrophages characteristics

Move through connective tissues ingesting and eliminating large particles, bacteria and activating the immune system coming from white blood cells

Mast cells characteristics

Do not move, located near blood vessels, secrete heparin which prevents blood clots and histamine which dilate blood vessels in allergic response 

What are the types of fibers in connective tissue?

Collagen or white fibers, elastic or yellow fibers, and reticular

Collagen/white fibers characteristics

Grouped in parallel bundles, appear as large pink fibers in slides, are tough, strong, resistant to stretch, flexible, and found in tendons, ligaments and deep layer of the skin

Elastic/yellow fibers characteristics

Thin branching fibers made of elastin, stretch and recoil like rubber, gives skin, lungs, arteries ability to stretch and recoil, have thinner and darker staining

Reticular characteristics

Thin and branched collagen fibers, form delicate framework for spleen and lymph nodes 

What are the types of connective tissue?

Loose or areolar, adipose, dense regular, dense irregular, hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, bone, and blood 

Loose or areolar connective tissue description

Contains loose arrangement of collagenous and elastic fibers, has scattered cell types and abundant ground substance 

Loose or areolar connective tissue location 

Underlies all epithelial, forms a passageway for nerves and blood vessels, located between nerves 

Loose or areolar connective tissue function

Holds organs, anatomic structures, and tissues together 

Adipose connective tissue description 

Large, empty-looking cells with thins margins, nuclei pressed against cell membrane 

Adipose connective tissue location

Located in subcutaneous fat beneath the skin and surrounding organs

Adipose connective tissue function 

Used for energy storage, insulation, and space filled as cushioning 

Dense regular connective tissue description 

Contains densely packed parallel collagen fibers, very few compressed fibroblast nuclei and little open space in between, has poor blood supply thus tissue repair is slow

Dense regular connective tissue location

Located in tendons and ligaments

Dense regular connective tissue function

Hold bones together and attach muscles to bones, very strong tissue

Dense irregular connective tissue description

Contains densely packed collagen fibers running in random directions with little open space in between

Dense irregular connective tissue location

Located in the deeper portion of skin and capsules around organs

Cartilage description 

Special type of connective tissue: contains gel-like matrix, chondrocytes or cartilage cells are found within small chambers called lacunae and are fully within the matrix, no blood vessels thus diffusion must bring in nutrients and remove wastes, heals slowly 

Cartilage function

Supports framework, attachments, protects underlying tissue and forms a model for crearing bones 

Hyaline cartilage description

Has a clear, glassy, matrix; chondrocytes located in lacunae, and elastic fibers

Hyaline cartilage location 

Located in trachea, bronchi, larynx, and ends of bones 

Hyaline cartilage function

Used for support

Elastic cartilage description

Chondrocytes located in lacunae and elastic fibers, most flexible cartilage

Elastic cartilage location

Located in external ear and epiglottis

Elastic cartilage function 

Maintains shape and flexibility

Fibrocartilage description 

Contains extensive collagen fibers, very tough

Fibrocartilage location

Located in intervertebral discs and meniscus in knees

Fibrocartilage function

Used for tensile strength and as a shock absorber

Spongy bone general description 

looks spongy, is delicate, fills heads of long bones, and is always covered by compact bone 

Compact bone general description

Looks more solid, has more complex arrangement, the cells and matrix surrounding vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones

Bone description

Calcified matrix is located in concentric lamellae or rings around the haversian canal containing blood vessels, osteocytes or bone cells are found in the lacunae between the lamellae and connected by the canaliculi or tubes in the matrix

Bone location 

Found in the skeleton 

Bone function 

Used for physical support, a leverage for muscles, and mineral storage 

Blood description 

A formed element of red and white blood cells and platelets

Blood location 

Located in blood plasma or fluid matrix

Blood function

Used to transport substances and helps maintain homeostasis

Oval-shaped cell with a large, dark nucleus located off the center

Plasma cell

Irregular shaped cells with small pale nuclei and cytoplasm crowded with dark staining secretory granules 

Mast cells

Large, round shaped cells with the nucleus and cytoplasm pushed to the margin of the cell

Adipose cells

Oval to irregular shaped cells with small nuclei

Macrophages

Large, long, flat, branching cells with large, light colored nuclei

Fibroblasts

Most abundant cells in connective tissue

Fibroblasts

Responsible for production and maintenance of fibers and ground substance

Fibroblasts

Active phagocytes (eliminators of large particles and bacteria)

Macrophages

Big eaters

Macrophages

Engulf and destroy damaged cells and pathogens 

Macrophages

Synthesizes and stores fat

Adipose

Contains heparin and histamine

Mast cells

Stores and releases a compound that prevents blood from clotting as it flows throughout the body

Mast cells

Stores and releases a compound that initiates the inflammatory response and allergic reactions

Mast cells

Main producers of antibodies

Plasma cells

Produces a compound that helps fight infection, pathogens, and cancer

Macrophages

Located beneath the dermis of the skin, digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts, in between muscles, around blood vessels, nerves, and joints

Cushions organs, provides support, allows for independent movement, and the phagocytic cells provide dense against pathogens

Loose connective tissue

Located beneath the skin, primarily at sides, buttocks, breasts, behind the eyeballs, and around the kidneys

Adipose tissue

Provides padding and cushions shocks, insulates, and stores energy reserves

Adipose tissue

Located between the skeletal muscles and skeleton, between bones, forms the covering of skeletal muscles and the capsules of visceral organs

Dense tissue

Provides a firm attachment, conducts pull of muscle, reduces friction between muscles, stabilizes relative positions of bones, helps prevent over expansion of organs such as the urinary bladder

Dense tissue

Resists compression, prevents bone-to-bone contact, and limits relative movement

Fibrocartilage

Provides support while tolerating distortion without damage and returns to original shape

Elastic cartilage

Provides stiff but relatively flexible support, and reduces friction between bony surfaces

Hyaline cartilage

Located between tips of ribs and bones of sternum, covers bone surfaces at synovial joints, and supports larynx, trachea, and bronchi whilst forming parts of nasal septum

Hyaline cartilage

Located in intervertebral discs separating vertebrae along the spinal column, pads within knee joints, and between pubic bones in pelvis

Fibrocartilage

Located in pinna external ear, auditory canal, and epiglottis

Elastic cartilage

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

How are all 3 muscle tissue types different?

Through appearance, number of nuclei, function, and location

What are the individual cells in muscle tissues called?

Muscle fibers, because they are fibers

Skeletal muscle description

Consists of long, cylindrical, u branched cells with striating and multiple nuclei just beneath the cell membrane

Skeletal muscle location

Connected to bones

Skeletal muscle function 

The muscle cells have the ability to contract, and are used for movement, facial expression, posture, breathing, speech, swallowing, body heat, and excretion, all function under voluntary control 

Smooth muscle description

Consists of non-striated, short spindle shaped cells, with only one central nucleus

Smooth muscle location

Found in walls of hollow organs such as the GI tract, stomach, and bladder

Smooth muscle function

Used for swallowing, GI tract function, labor contractions, control of airflow, erection of hairs, and controls of pupils, all under involuntary control

Cardiac muscle description

Consists of short branched cells with striations, intercalated discs (dark line where one cell touches another), and one central nucleus per cell

Cardiac muscle location 

Found only in the heart 

Cardiac muscle function 

Pumps blood to and from the heart 

What is hypertrophy?

The enlargement of cells

What is atrophy?

The shrinkage of cells

How does hypertrophy occur?

Through exercise, all an increase in the size of cells

How does atrophy occur?

Through aging (senile) or lack of use of the tissue (disuse)

Nervous tissue description

Contains large neurons (primary cell type) with long dendrites and axons, surrounded by much smaller neuroglial cells which lack dendrites and axons

Nervous tissue location 

Located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Neuroglia description

Varies

Neurons function

Used for internal communication between cells, coordination, regulation, can sense changes, and transmit nerve impulses throughout the body

Neuroglia function

Used for support, carrying on phagocytosis, and helps supply nutrients to neurons

What are the distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Cells are tightly packed with little space between them, the bottom surface is attached to the basement membrane, cells rapidly reproduce, and tissue lacks blood vessels and supply

What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?

Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and sensory reception

Simple squamous epithelial description

Single row of flat cells with flat nuclei

Simple squamous epithelial function

Allows for rapid diffusion of substances, secretion of serous fluid, reduces friction, controls vessel permeability, and absorbs 

Simple squamous epithelial location

Found in alveoli (lungs), walls of capillaries, lines inside of blood vessels, ventral body cavities, heart, blood vessels, parts of kidney tubules, and inner cornea

Simple cuboidal epithelial description

Single row of cube-shaped cells with centrally located round nuclei

Simple cuboidal epithelial function

Absorption, secretion and production of mucus

Simple cuboidal epithelial location

Found in ovaries, ducts of the liver, thyroid, mammary, salivary and other glands, most kidney tubules