Cognitive Psychology Midterms

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81 Terms

1

Cognitive Psychology

The study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information.

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2

Memory

The faculty by which the mind stores and remembers information.

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3

Attention

The mental process of concentrating on specific information while ignoring other stimuli.

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4

Perception

The process of recognizing, organizing, and interpreting sensory information.

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5

Reasoning

The cognitive process of looking for reasons for beliefs, conclusions, actions, or feelings.

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6

Problem Solving

The process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues.

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7

Decision Making

The cognitive process of selecting a course of action from multiple options.

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8

Language

A system of communication used by a particular community or country.

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9

Dialectic

A developmental process where ideas evolve over time through a pattern of transformation.

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10

Thesis

A statement of belief or proposition in a dialectical argument.

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11

Antithesis

A statement that counters a previous statement of belief.

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12

Synthesis

The integration of the most credible features of two or more viewpoints.

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13

Philosophical Antecedents

Foundational ideas that precede and influence contemporary thought in psychology.

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14

Rationalist

A person who acquires knowledge through reasoning and logical analysis.

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15

Empiricist

A person who acquires knowledge through empirical evidence and experience.

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16

Plato

An ancient Greek philosopher known for his rationalist views.

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17

Aristotle

An ancient Greek philosopher known for his empiricist views.

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18

Wilhelm Wundt

The founder of psychology who established the first psychology laboratory.

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19

Functionalism

An approach in psychology that examines mental processes in terms of their adaptive functions.

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20

Structuralism

An approach that analyzes the structure of the mind and its perceptions.

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21

Pragmatism

The philosophical belief that ideas are true if they work satisfactorily and have practical consequences.

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22

Edward Lee Thorndike

An American psychologist known for his work on trial-and-error learning and the Law of Effect.

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23

Associationism

The theory that mental processes operate by the association of one idea with another.

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24

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A psychologist known for studying memory and the forgetting curve.

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25

Behaviorism

A branch of psychology focused on observable behaviors rather than internal mental states.

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26

John Watson

The founder of behaviorism who emphasized the study of observable behavior.

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27

B.F. Skinner

A behaviorist known for his work on operant conditioning.

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28

Gestalt Psychology

A psychological approach that emphasizes holistic processing of perception.

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29

Cognitivism

A belief that human behavior can be understood by studying how people think.

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30

Artificial Intelligence

The simulation of human intelligence processes by machines.

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31

Modularity of Mind

The concept that the mind consists of distinct modules or systems that process different types of information.

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32

Karl Spencer Lashley

A psychologist who studied the brain's role in complex behaviors.

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33

Alan Turing

A pioneer in computer science known for developing the concept of algorithms and computation.

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34

Neurons

The basic units of the brain responsible for transmitting information.

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35

Cerebral Cortex

The outer layer of the brain involved in various cognitive processes.

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36

Thalamus

The brain's primary relay station for sensory information.

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37

Hippocampus

A brain structure important for learning and memory.

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38

Amygdala

A brain region involved in emotion, particularly fear and aggression.

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39

Hypothalamus

A brain region involved in regulating autonomic functions and behaviors related to survival.

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40

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses between neurons.

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41

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter associated with memory and muscle activation.

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42

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter linked to attention, learning, and movement coordination.

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43

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation and various behavioral functions.

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44

Postmortem Studies

Research conducted on the brain after a subject's death to identify disorders.

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45

Electroencephalograms (EEG)

A method of recording the electrical activity of the brain.

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46

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A type of scan that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow.

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47

Stroke

A medical condition where the blood supply to the brain is interrupted, causing cognitive deficits.

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48

Brain Tumors

Abnormal growths in the brain that can affect cognitive functioning.

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49

Closed head injuries

Injuries where the skull remains intact but the brain is damaged.

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50

Open head injuries

Injuries where the skull is penetrated, causing damage to the brain.

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51

Intelligence

The ability to learn from experience, adapt to the environment, and utilize metacognitive processes.

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52

Carroll's Three Stratum Model

A model of intelligence that organizes cognitive abilities into three levels.

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53

Fluid Ability

The capacity for abstract reasoning and problem-solving.

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54

Crystallized Ability

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills.

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55

Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

The hypothesis that intelligence consists of multiple independent constructs.

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56

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

A theory proposing three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.

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57

Controlled Laboratory Experiments

Studies that manipulate variables in a controlled setting to observe effects.

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58

Independent Variable

The variable that is changed or manipulated in an experiment.

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59

Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured in response to changes in the independent variable.

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60

Correlational Studies

Research examining the relationship between two or more variables.

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61

Psychobiological Research

Studies of the relationship between brain functions and cognitive performance.

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62

Case Studies

In-depth examinations of a single individual to explore general conclusions about behavior.

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63

Naturalistic Observation

Research method that involves observing subjects in their natural environment.

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64

Cognitive Neuroscience

The field studying the relationship between brain processes and cognitive functions.

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65

Visual Perception

The process of interpreting and organizing visual stimuli.

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66

Depth Perception

The ability to perceive the world in three dimensions and determine distances.

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67

Bottom-Up Theories

Perception theories suggesting that perception starts with sensory input.

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68

Top-Down Theories

Perception theories suggesting that perception is influenced by expectations and prior knowledge.

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69

Gestalt Principles

Rules describing how we perceive visual elements as organized patterns or wholes.

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70

Prosopagnosia

The inability to recognize faces, despite normal vision.

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71

Agnosia

The inability to recognize and identify objects or people despite having knowledge of them.

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72

Color Perception Deficits

Variations in the perception of colors, often referred to as color blindness.

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73

Monocular Cues

Depth cues that can be perceived with one eye.

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74

Binocular Cues

Depth cues that require the use of both eyes to perceive depth.

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75

Perceptual Illusions

Instances where perception diverges from reality, causing distortion of sensory information.

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76

Optic Ataxia

A condition where individuals cannot use visual information to guide movement.

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77

Simultanagnosia

A condition where individuals can perceive only one visual stimulus at a time.

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78

Law of Prägnanz

The principle stating that people perceive complex images in the simplest form possible.

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79

Fusiform Gyrus

A brain area involved in visual recognition, particularly of faces.

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80

Cues for Depth Perception

Visual information that helps determine an object's distance from the viewer.

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81

Cognitive Models

Frameworks for understanding cognitive processes and their underlying mechanisms.

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