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Cognitive Psychology
The study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information.
Memory
The faculty by which the mind stores and remembers information.
Attention
The mental process of concentrating on specific information while ignoring other stimuli.
Perception
The process of recognizing, organizing, and interpreting sensory information.
Reasoning
The cognitive process of looking for reasons for beliefs, conclusions, actions, or feelings.
Problem Solving
The process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues.
Decision Making
The cognitive process of selecting a course of action from multiple options.
Language
A system of communication used by a particular community or country.
Dialectic
A developmental process where ideas evolve over time through a pattern of transformation.
Thesis
A statement of belief or proposition in a dialectical argument.
Antithesis
A statement that counters a previous statement of belief.
Synthesis
The integration of the most credible features of two or more viewpoints.
Philosophical Antecedents
Foundational ideas that precede and influence contemporary thought in psychology.
Rationalist
A person who acquires knowledge through reasoning and logical analysis.
Empiricist
A person who acquires knowledge through empirical evidence and experience.
Plato
An ancient Greek philosopher known for his rationalist views.
Aristotle
An ancient Greek philosopher known for his empiricist views.
Wilhelm Wundt
The founder of psychology who established the first psychology laboratory.
Functionalism
An approach in psychology that examines mental processes in terms of their adaptive functions.
Structuralism
An approach that analyzes the structure of the mind and its perceptions.
Pragmatism
The philosophical belief that ideas are true if they work satisfactorily and have practical consequences.
Edward Lee Thorndike
An American psychologist known for his work on trial-and-error learning and the Law of Effect.
Associationism
The theory that mental processes operate by the association of one idea with another.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
A psychologist known for studying memory and the forgetting curve.
Behaviorism
A branch of psychology focused on observable behaviors rather than internal mental states.
John Watson
The founder of behaviorism who emphasized the study of observable behavior.
B.F. Skinner
A behaviorist known for his work on operant conditioning.
Gestalt Psychology
A psychological approach that emphasizes holistic processing of perception.
Cognitivism
A belief that human behavior can be understood by studying how people think.
Artificial Intelligence
The simulation of human intelligence processes by machines.
Modularity of Mind
The concept that the mind consists of distinct modules or systems that process different types of information.
Karl Spencer Lashley
A psychologist who studied the brain's role in complex behaviors.
Alan Turing
A pioneer in computer science known for developing the concept of algorithms and computation.
Neurons
The basic units of the brain responsible for transmitting information.
Cerebral Cortex
The outer layer of the brain involved in various cognitive processes.
Thalamus
The brain's primary relay station for sensory information.
Hippocampus
A brain structure important for learning and memory.
Amygdala
A brain region involved in emotion, particularly fear and aggression.
Hypothalamus
A brain region involved in regulating autonomic functions and behaviors related to survival.
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses between neurons.
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter associated with memory and muscle activation.
Dopamine
A neurotransmitter linked to attention, learning, and movement coordination.
Serotonin
A neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation and various behavioral functions.
Postmortem Studies
Research conducted on the brain after a subject's death to identify disorders.
Electroencephalograms (EEG)
A method of recording the electrical activity of the brain.
Functional MRI (fMRI)
A type of scan that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow.
Stroke
A medical condition where the blood supply to the brain is interrupted, causing cognitive deficits.
Brain Tumors
Abnormal growths in the brain that can affect cognitive functioning.
Closed head injuries
Injuries where the skull remains intact but the brain is damaged.
Open head injuries
Injuries where the skull is penetrated, causing damage to the brain.
Intelligence
The ability to learn from experience, adapt to the environment, and utilize metacognitive processes.
Carroll's Three Stratum Model
A model of intelligence that organizes cognitive abilities into three levels.
Fluid Ability
The capacity for abstract reasoning and problem-solving.
Crystallized Ability
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills.
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
The hypothesis that intelligence consists of multiple independent constructs.
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
A theory proposing three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.
Controlled Laboratory Experiments
Studies that manipulate variables in a controlled setting to observe effects.
Independent Variable
The variable that is changed or manipulated in an experiment.
Dependent Variable
The variable that is measured in response to changes in the independent variable.
Correlational Studies
Research examining the relationship between two or more variables.
Psychobiological Research
Studies of the relationship between brain functions and cognitive performance.
Case Studies
In-depth examinations of a single individual to explore general conclusions about behavior.
Naturalistic Observation
Research method that involves observing subjects in their natural environment.
Cognitive Neuroscience
The field studying the relationship between brain processes and cognitive functions.
Visual Perception
The process of interpreting and organizing visual stimuli.
Depth Perception
The ability to perceive the world in three dimensions and determine distances.
Bottom-Up Theories
Perception theories suggesting that perception starts with sensory input.
Top-Down Theories
Perception theories suggesting that perception is influenced by expectations and prior knowledge.
Gestalt Principles
Rules describing how we perceive visual elements as organized patterns or wholes.
Prosopagnosia
The inability to recognize faces, despite normal vision.
Agnosia
The inability to recognize and identify objects or people despite having knowledge of them.
Color Perception Deficits
Variations in the perception of colors, often referred to as color blindness.
Monocular Cues
Depth cues that can be perceived with one eye.
Binocular Cues
Depth cues that require the use of both eyes to perceive depth.
Perceptual Illusions
Instances where perception diverges from reality, causing distortion of sensory information.
Optic Ataxia
A condition where individuals cannot use visual information to guide movement.
Simultanagnosia
A condition where individuals can perceive only one visual stimulus at a time.
Law of Prägnanz
The principle stating that people perceive complex images in the simplest form possible.
Fusiform Gyrus
A brain area involved in visual recognition, particularly of faces.
Cues for Depth Perception
Visual information that helps determine an object's distance from the viewer.
Cognitive Models
Frameworks for understanding cognitive processes and their underlying mechanisms.