ZOOL 2403 Exam 2 Dr. Boros TTU

cranial meninges

-protect the brain during trauma

-superficial to cerebrum

3 main brain structures

cerebrum

cerebellum

brain stem

gray matter is made up of

neuron cell bodies

white matter is made up of

myelinated axons

separates right and left hemispheres

longitudinal fissure

________ and __________ increase the surface area in the cerebral cortex

gyri and sulci

the ______ is associated with basic sensations

postcentral gyrus

the ____________ _____

is associated with simple movements

precentral gyrus

understand when someone is talking to in the ______ _____.

wernicke's area

you answer people back in the ____ ____.

broca's area

brainstem consist of

midbrain, pons, medulla

damage to the basal ganglia is associated with _______ _______.

parkinsons disease

thalamus takes info from the _______ _____ and relays it to the _________ _______.

spinal cord

cerebral cortex

hypothalamus is both nervous tissue and an ______ _____.

endocrine organ

limbic system (4)

thalamus

hypothalamus

pituitary gland

basal ganglia

cerebellum

-coordination and balance

-inferior to occipital lobe

cerebral cortex

gyri and sulci

association cortex (areas) :________ association cortex &

________ association cortex

sensory

motor

four lobes

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

prefrontal cortex

-part of the brain still developing in kids & teens

-helps make actions & judge consequences; reasoning; moral judgement; will-power

-frontal lobe

Frontal lobe

-somatomotor

contains: precentral gyrus; simple movements; motor association cortex; plans & coordinates complex motor info

temporal lobe

audition

primary auditory cortex: distinguish tone

primary olfactory cortex: distinguish simple odors

brain stem

- controls basic functions vital for survival.

- breathing, heart rate, digestion

-contains: medulla, midbrain, pons

parietal lobe

-somatosensory

-contains: postcentral gyrus- basic sensations

sensory association cortex how you FEEL about a certain sensation

cerebral spinal fluid

- surrounds CNS

- helps brain: remove waste, provides nutrients, cushioning

ventricles

-deep within the brain

-synthesize and secretes cerebral spinal fluid

precentral gyrus

-anterior to central sulcus

-simple movements

postcentral gyrus

-posterior to central sulcus

-basic sensations

Wernicke's area

-temporal lobe

-understand speech

broca's area

-temporal lobe

-speaking

association fibers

-cerebral white matter

-communication between one hemisphere

internal capsule

-cerebral white matter

-communication between cerebral cortex and spinal cord

corpus callosum

-cerebral white matter

-communication between two hemispheres

pituitary gland

-limbic system

-produces hormones

-connects endocrine and nervous systems

hypothalamus

-limbic system

-controls ANS

-secretes regulatory hormones that control pituitary gland

-secretes antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

what does the brainstem control?

a. emotions

b. coordination

c. reason

d. heart rate

d. heart rate

the hypothalamus controls which hormones?

a. epinephrine

b. oxytocin

c. melatonin

d. dopamine

b. oxytocin

the innermost layer of the cranial meninges?

a. dura matter

b. ventricles

c. pia matter

d. arachnoid mater

c. pia mater

central sulcus divides ________ and ________ lobes.

frontal

parietal

what connects the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord?

internal capsule

what area is responsible in planning movements before the occur?

basal ganglia

what area produces cerebral spinal fluid?

ventricles

axial muscles consist of:

head muscles

vertebral column

thoracic cage

appendicular muscles consist of:

pectoral, pelvic girdle and limb muscles

most flexor muscles and medial rotators are ______, with the exception of the muscles _____ ____ _____.

anterior

below the knee

most extensor muscles and lateral rotators are ______, with the exception of the _____ and below.

posterior

knee

abduction and adduction depends on if the muscle is _____ or ______ to the joint

superior

inferior

if you turn your head to the right what muscle is contracting?

left sternocleidomastoid

muscle used to smile

zygomaticus

what movement does the vertebral column perform?

extends the trunk

primary muscle involved in respiration

diaphragm

when your diaphragm is contracted you are....

breathing in

SC joint is _____ movement

shoulder

digit joints are for _____ movement

finger

ankle joint is for ______ Movement

foot

elbow joint is for ______ movement

forearm

hip joint is for _______ movement

leg

skeletal muscle

-striated

-voluntary

-multinucleate

-biggest muscle cells

smooth muscle

-non-striated

-involuntary

-mononucleate

-smallest muscle cell

cardiac muscle

-striated

-involuntary

-mononucleate

-only in the heart

sarcomere

-smallest contractile unit

-thin and thick filaments

-during contraction thick slides over thin shortening the sarcomere

two special structures that surround myofibrils

sarcoplasmic reticulum

transverse tubules

sarcoplasmic reticulum

stores and releases calcium for muscle contraction

transverse tubules

transports action potentials

what must be present for contraction?

calcium

tight junction

-controls passage of h2o and solutes

-a formed barrier between adjacent cells

epimysium ______ ________ ________ tissue that surrounds the _____ muscle.

dense irregular connective

whole

gap junction

forms channels between adjacent cells allowing for communication

myocytes

mature muscle cells

tendon is where the ______, _______, and _______ all join together the end of a muscle.

endomysium, perimysium, epimysium

muscles of facial expression (7)

frontalis

orbicularis oculi and oris

zygomaticus

buccinator

depressor labii

muscles of mastication

masseter

temporalis

anterior neck muscles

suprahyoid

infrahyoid

head extension rotator

sternocleidomastoid

posterior neck muscles

head extensors

vertebral column muscles

erector spinae muscles

muscle tissues specialization is ______

contractions

I bands form the _____ band and made up of ______ filaments.

light

thin

A bands form the _____ band and consist of _____ filaments.

dark

thick

adhering junctions

attaches adjacent cells together

which muscle cell type can divide easily and which cannot?

smooth muscle can

skeletal cannot

which muscle types are resistant to fatigue? which is most resistant?

smooth and cardiac. smooth is most resistant

what regulates the strength and rate of contraction of smooth muscles?

the ANS

muscle tissues smallest to largest

smooth

cardiac

skeletal

efferent

outgoing/send

afferent

incoming/receive

the two basic types of nervous tissue cells are _____ and ______ cells. _____ are responsible for _______ via signals. ______ cells are responsible for supporting the _____ via regulation of the surrounding ionic environment.

neurons

glial

neurons

communication

glial

neuron

axon

carries outgoing signals through the cell.

dendrites

receive incoming signals form other neurons

synaptic terminals

transfers signals to other cells

cell body

contains organelles and nucleus. bundles signal received to be sent down to the other end of the cell.

nucleus

where the genetic information of the cell is held

myelin sheath

fatty lipids that insulate and increase the speed of action potential

a synapse is a site of contact between _______ ______ and another ____.

neuron terminals

cell

connective tissue layers of the spinal meninges provide the spinal cord with _______, ______, and nutrients through _______ ______.

protection

oxygen

blood vessels

two types of spinal nerves

peripheral

mixed

peripheral nerves

bundle of axons

mixed nerves

axons of both sensory and motor

sensory neurons

deliver and interpret sensory info

motor neurons

deliver motor commands

interneurons

neurons between neurons; interpret info