HS-201 Exam 1

George Washington Vanderbilt

owner of Biltmore estate

Richard Morris Hunt

architect of Biltmore Estate

Frederick Law Olmsted

landscape architect for Biltmore Estate

Gifford Pinchot

forester (g)

Dr. Carl Schenck

forester (c)

Horticulture

The culture of garden plants (how to grow plants)

Botany

The study of plant growth and development (how plants grow)

Agronomy

Management of plants for mass production

Olericulture

Study of cultivation of vegetables

California

number one vegetable producer

Pomology

Study of cultivation of fruits

Post-harvest physiology

Study of extending the shelf life of horticultural products

Viticulture

Cultivation of grapes

number of wineries in NC

250

what makes a plant horticultural?

living state, highly perishable, high water content, intensively cultivated

Floriculture

growth and study of flowers

Greenhouse Management

study of growth of any plant in a greenhouse environment

Turfgrass Management

growth and study of turf grasses

Nursery Management

growth and study of plants produced for use in landscapes

Landscape Horticulture

designing spaces with plants

Interiorscaping

the use of design to place and care for indoor plants

Horticultural Therapy

using plants as a therapeutic tool

Arboriculture

maintenance and study of trees

flower color of poinsettias

yellow

what is plant classification based on

reproductive similarities

kingdom for plants

plant

phylum for plants that conduct nutrients through tubes

tracheophyta

plant class for conifers

gymnospermae

number of species of gymnospermae

1000

pinus lambertiana

longest cones of any conifer

plant class for ferns

filicopsida

number of species of filicopsida

10500

plant class for fruit bearing plants

angiospermae

number of species of angiospermae

300000

subclass of angiospermae with one cotyledon

monocotyledonae

subclass of angiospermae with two cotyledons

dicotyledonae

one order of monocotyledonae

graminales

Family

a group of closely related genera based on certain plant structures or biochemistry

"-aceae"

plant family

poaceae

grass family

Genus

a group of plants within a family that have reproductive similarities

genera of oaks

quercus

genera of maples

acer

genera of ash

fraxinus

genera of dogwoods

cornus

genera of holly

ilex

genera of pines

pinus

Species

a group of plants within a genus that share similar vegetative and reproductive characteristics

Carl Linnaeus

published a book on binomial names, "Species Plantarum"

Plant Nomenclature

assignment of names utilizing a formal system

language used to name plants

latin

genus

always capitalized, always underlined

species

never capitalized, always underlined

species variations

size, habit, leaf color, flower color, fruit color

Botanical Variety

A group of plants within a species that have inheritable characteristics which always show up in future generations in all the children

Cultivar

cultivated variety

Interspecific Hybrid

when two species of the same genus are crossed (interSPECIfic)

Intergeneric Hybrid

when two separate genera are crossed (interGENERic)

Woody

most of the plant is made up of hard, permanent material called wood

Herbaceous

plants having soft, succulent, and tender tissue that is temporary

Evergreen

retains some foliage during all seasons of the year

Deciduous

loses foliage in winter

Annual Lifespans

completes life cycle in one growing season

Biannual Lifespans

completes life cycle in two years

example of biannual plant

Carrots

Perennial Lifespans

completes life cycle in three or more years

Volunteer Plants

annuals that appear to act like perennials... plants that die but have set seeds that are able to "overwinter"

Inpatients

seeds that blow over and grow in any soil

Monoecious

flowers of both sexes on the same plant ("Mono- ... one house")

Dioecious

flowers of each sex on different plants ("Di- ... two houses."

examples of dioecious plants

holly, ginko, Maclura pomifera

environmental adaptations of plants

cold-hardy and heat-tolerant plants

hardiness zones

13 zones based on average minimal temperature

hardiness zones of NC

mountains, piedmont, coastal (6, 7 & 8)

Microclimates

Pockets within hardiness zones that are protected and therefore warmer (ex. bodies of water, south-facing buildings)

Plant Habits

ground covers, vines, shrubs, trees

Ground Covers

Shrubs that cover the ground

How do vines climb?

Tendrils, Adventitious Roots, Twinning

Tendrils

Modified leaves (ex. grapevine, ivy)

Adventitious Roots

Roots that grow out of plant parts other than the soil (ex. english ivy, poison ivy)

Twining

Adhering by wrapping around an object

Shrubs

Multi-stemmed woody plants that can grow into trees if large enough

Trees

Single-trunked woody plants

Do gymnosperms produce fruit?

No! angiosperms produce fruit

Border

Strip planting on the margin of a landscape design area

Hedge

Living green fence (tall or short) mostly planted in rows

How many types of hedges?

Two

Barrier Hedge

Defensive hedge used to direct traffic or prevent entry

Any barrier hedge must have what?

something sharp

Screen Hedge

Type of hedge used to eliminate an undesirable view or add privacy

3 characteristics a screen hedge must have

evergreen (or dense), tall enough, grows fast enough

Foundation Plant

Plants placed next to buildings

Accent Plant

Any plant that draws attention to a landscaped area because of its aesthetic features

Allée

Formal plants of trees that line a path/road with overlapping canopy (forms a tunnel)

Espalier

A plant that is trained to grow in a flat plane against a wall, often in a symmetrical pattern

Topiary

Practice of training live plants to develop and maintain clearly defined shapes

3 examples of topiaries

Holly (Ilex), Boxwood (Buxus), Yew (Taxus)

2 features of a topiary

small leaves, respond well to pruning

where are topiaries displayed?

levens hall, ladew topiary garden

Faux-piary

Creating plant forms/shapes from prefabricated structures