SOC 101 Exam 2

Social interaction

• process of how individuals act and react to one another by interpreting others’ actions

• a meaningful exchange between individuals

• what people do when they are in each other’s presence

social structure

• arrangement of roles/statuses that organize society and shapes individual behavior and interaction

• framework to create social order and tell us our roles to play

• ex: teacher must teach, student must learn

Ascribed Status

• social and biological characteristics we were assigned and have no control over

• social position assigned at birth

• ex: female/male, wealthy or poor status

Achieved status

• Social position that a person earns through their own efforts

• ex: becoming a nurse, becoming a criminal

Master Status

• main social postion that strongly shapes how others see you and overrides other status

• most important status, the status that stands out the most

• Ex: you could be a husband, but people know you as a college professor more

Who was Ferdinand Tonnies

• distinguished two types of social groups: Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

Gemeinschaft

• “Community”

• tsocial relation where people are personally bonded through friendship and kinship

• a sense of obligation and loyalty due to the bond

• Ex: small towns, being loyal to a market shop

Gesellschaft

• “Society”

• Social relation where people interact based on self-interest rather than close bonds

• less personal relationships, goal oriented relationship, typical in urban society

• Ex: business relationships, people working for a company

Role set

• Collection of different expectations attached to a single social status

• Ex: a nurse must be able to care for a patient, get their vitals and attend to their needs

Role Strain

• Difficulty meeting the expectations of a single role

• a person is unsure how to perform their new job causing them stress and inability to keep up

• Ex: a student not being able to keep up with homework and test all at once

Role Conflict

• When two or more social roles of a person clash with one another, forcing them to choose which status is more important during a situation

• Ex: students may have to choose between attending class or going to work

Status vs Role

• A person’s status is what their position/title is in society

• a person’s role is what their duty is based on their title/position

Example for status: Teacher

Example for role: to teach, grade assignments

social Exchange Theory

• Social behavior is the result of a cost-benefit analysis where individuals maximize rewards and minimize cost

• interactions that are mutually beneficial relationships

• Ex: staying in relationship cause you feel loved (reward) vs. leaving a relationship cause too much stress (cost)

Dramaturgical Analysis

• Developed by Erving Goffman

• A research approach that compares social interaction to a theatrical performance

• people act in certain ways to control how others see them

• we present different version of ourselves based on who our audience are

• Ex: We act presentable during interviews, we act differently at home

Chapter 6

Group

• two or more people who itneract regularly and share a common identity and shared norms

Aggregate

• collection of people who are in the same place at the same time but do not interact or share a sense of identity

• Ex: shoppers in a mall

Category

• A group with common characteristics but do not interact

• Ex: teachers in a school district

In-group

• A social group where a person feels they identify and belong with

• Ex: close circle of friends, family

• “us”

Out-group

• A social group where a person does not belong with and may feel distant from

• Ex: rival sports team, people outside your circle of friends

• “Them”

primary group

• a small social group where members share a close and personal relationship

• long lasting and involve emotional support

• Ex: family

Secodnary Group

• professional social group where members interact based on specific roles or tasks to complete

• people you interact to work with

• Ex: classmates, coworkers

Reference Group

• Any social group a person uses as a reference for evaluating their own behavior and help shape their beliefs and behaviors

• Ex: teenage groups looking up to celebrities for fashion

Chapter 7

Crime

• any intentional act or failure to act that violates any established formal law and is legally punishable by the state

Deviant Behavior

• any action/belief that violates social norms and is recognized as an unacceptable action

• not necessarily illegal

• Ex: tattoos, body piercings

White Collar Crime

• crimes committed by people who have professional positions for financial gain

• trusted people with authority who commits crime

• ex: lawyers, bankers

Blue Collar Crime

• crimes commited by working class individuals/ordinary workers/ lower class

• crimes usually involve theft or vandalism, more violent than white collar crime

• usually done because of impulse or driven by immediate need

Strain Theory

• Robert Merton’s theory

• if a person cant attain something legally they will find other alternatives (illegal or not)

• the pressure of society to achieve the goals causes a person to do illegal activities meet societal expectation

• people may commit crime when they cannot get something legally

Labeling Theory

• Edwin Lemert’s theory

• being labeled as deviant can influence a person to continue their deviant behavior

• when someone is labeled deviant, that can shape how a person sees themself

• people are always judged by how they present themselves

Control Theory

• Tarvis Hirschi theory

• the stronger a person’s social bonds= less likely to commit crimes

• people who lack close intimate attachments to people lack the desire to abide the laws

• laws are for those who obey the rules of society

Differential Association Theory

• edwin sutherland theory

• people learn crime through interaction with others who also choose the criminal lifestyle

• exposure to criminal attitudes= most likely to learn crime

• association with other criminals= learn crime

5 Modes of Adaptation

1. Conformist: follows rules/mean to achieve goal, and achieves goal

   • postive means/positive goal

   • ex: student goes to college (+means), becomes rich (+goal)

2. Innovation: Uses alternative ways (sometimes illegal) to achieve goals

   • Negative means/ positive goal

   • Ex: Gets into money laundering (- means), becomes rich (+goal)

3. Ritualism: Follows the same rules/ means to achieve goal, but loses sight of goal/rejects goal

   • positive means/ negative goal

   • becomes a ritual/routine

   • Ex: repeatedly taking college classes (+means), not graduating (-goal)

4. Retreatism: rejects both goals and rules/means by withdrawing from societal expectations

   • negative means/ negative goals

   • erx: drug addicts who continuously use drugs to escape reality

5. Rebellion: Rejects goals and means to create new goals and means

   • negative or positive means/ negative or positive goals

   • they bring dramatical social change

   • Ex: revolutions, activists

Emile Durkheim’s Position regarding crime on society

• crime is needed to maintain stability in society

• crime helps unite society against criminals and their bad actions

• criminal activity stabilize economy by providing jobs

• allows for society to redefine values (social change) to avoid unjust laws and avoid cultural stagnation

Cultural Transmission Theory

• Clifford Shaw theory

• social environment that a person is raised in will determine their potential to commit crimes in the future

• people learn behaviors/belief from the culture around them

• behavior is passed down from generation

R*pe Culture

• a set of social beliefs that normalize and justify sexual violence through victim blaming, gender stereotypes

• sexual violence is prevalent, pervasive, and perpetuated by the media and popular culture

Stigma

• a negative label that devalues a person and changes her or his self-concept and social identity

• negative label that makes people judge or avoid someone

• ex: judging someone for having a mental illness

Crime Control Model

• crime rates increase when offenders don’t fear punishment

• Criminal justice system approach that proioritizes tougher punishments to decrease criminal behavior and maintain social order

Moral Entrepreneurs

• people who believe it is their responsibility to influence the public what is right or wrong and influence laws based on those beliefs

• try to enforce social rules based on their own beliefs

Functionalist Theory perspective on crime

• Emile Durkheim

• Crime is necessary and unavoidable in society

• Deviance is both functional and dysfunctional.

• confusing social norms/not knowing proper behavior increases the likelihood of deviance.

• People are deviant when they experience blocked opportunities to achieve the culturally approved goal of economic success.

Conflict theory perspective on crime

• Karl Marx

• sees crime as the result of inequality and power differences, where laws are made by the powerful to benefit themselves.

• Laws rarely punish the illegal activities of the powerful

Symbolic interactionist perspective on crime

• deviance is socially constructed because it’s in the eye of the beholder

• focuses on how people’s interactions and labels influence crime and deviance

• labeling theory and differential association theory

Chapter 16

Collective Behavior

• spontaneous, unstructured, temporary group behavior responding to a common stimulus

• no rules or leaders= unorganized

Social Movement

• organized, long-term efforts by large group to promote socia change

• movement for long term change

Censorship

• government restriction of information to reduce public opposition against policies

• controlling what people can say, see, or share

Propaganda

• one-sided information that is spread to influence people’s opinions or behavior

• promotes an agenda

Craze

• collective behavior where people become intensely obsessed towards an object/idea and popularized quickly

• not that short but short-lived

• ex: the pokemon go game craze

Fad

• very short-lived activity/product that is trending but may die down due to oversaturation

• ex: tiktok dances

Fashion

• long-lasting progressive trends in style/clothing that are tied to social status or identity or generation

Goal of Social Movements

• organized collective efforts of social change

Goal of Alternative Social Movements

• emphasize on changing people’s attitudes/inner spirituality, or physical lifestyle

Goal of Redemptive Social Movement

• attempts to change the personal lives of individuals and do a total lifestyle transformation

• ex: religious movements that encourage a new way of life

Goal of Reformative Social Movements

• want to change everyone, but only about a particular topic or issue

• bring limited or partial change to society

• Ex: LGBT rights

Goal of Reactionary Social Movements

• movements that try to preserve or undo social change by restoring traditional values

• going back to the old way

• ex: groups opposing LGBT laws

Goal of Transnational Social Movements

• organized social movements that promote social change across national borders

• adresses issues in multiple countries

• Ex: human rights from india to philippines

Goal of Transformative Social Movements

• Completely change social order or structures of society and seek a new political system

• trasnform society

• Ex: Declaration of independence

Goal of Metaformative Social Movements

• movements aim to alter the world and transform humanity in a large scale

• beyond national boundaries

• Ex:Global human rights campaign

Convergence Theory

• collective behavior occurs when people with similar ideas, values, or goals come together

• individuals influence a crowd

• crowds consist of like-minded people who deliberately assemble in a place to pursue a common goal

Contagion Theory

• people in a crowd can influence each other to act in ways they normally wouldn’t, because emotions and behaviors spread rapidly through the group

• behavior spreads like a virus, contagious

Rumors

• unverified pieces of information or stories that spread from person to person quickly

• non reliable information

• speculation

Factors the lead to Urban Riots

Social inequality, Economic hardship, Police brutality, Political oppression, Media/rumors, Cultural tensions

“S.E.P.P.M.C.”:

Precipitating Event

specific incident or occurrence that triggers immediate collective action, such as protests, riots, or mass movements

Social Stratification

• hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups in society based on factors like wealth, power, education, or social status

• results in structured inequalities

• society is divided into layers of people with different levels of privilege.

Open Systems

• systems based on achieved statuses and ability and performance (instead of fixed at birth) that allows people to move between social rankings

Closed Systems

• a system where social positions are fixed at birth with little to no opportunity to move up and down societal ranks

Slave System

• this type of system: people are bought, sold and treated as property

Estate System

• a system in which powerful land owners control the economic destinies of their peasant farmers

• Those in upper positions have fixed position

Caste System

• system where people’s social status is fixed at birth and stay there their whole life

Structural Mobility

• Movement up or down the socio-economic ladder, based on the social demand or significance of one’s occupation.

• societal changes influence social hierarchy

• Your class changes because society changes, not because of what you personally do

Prestige

• social honor that a person or occupation receives from society

• how much respect or status someone has in society based on occupaation not money

status consistency

• when the social status of a person aligns with the amount of money and social honor they get

Status inconsistency

• when a person’s social positions does not align with their wealth and prestige

• mismatch status

• ex: a college professor with low income

Social Stratification in textbook

society’s ranking of people based on their access to valued resources such as wealth, power, and prestige

How is social prestige measured in modern society

• determined by social evaluation of occupations, education, lifestyle, and achievements

Status symbols

• material signs, objects, or behaviors that indicate a person’s social position or prestige

• ex: jewelry

Income vs Wealth

• Income

  • money earned over a period of time and used for short term economic resources

• Wealth

  • total accumation of asses a person owns including savings minus any debt and liabilities

  • long-term financial standing

What is true of the working class today?

• refers to people who earn their living primarily through wages for manual, clerical, or service work, typically without substantial wealth or high social prestige

What is true about poverty in the USA

• families lack sufficient income and resources to meet basic needs

• unequal access to resources and opportunities, affecting certain groups more than others

What is the Feminization of poverty

• trend in which women are more likely than men to experience poverty, especially due to social, economic, and structural inequalities

Characteristics of Prestigious occupations

• wealth, family background, power, and accomplishments