zool finals - Support, Protection, and Movement/Digestion and Nutrition/Internal Fluids and Respiration, Nervous Coordination, Hormonal Coordination and Immunity, Excretory and Reproductive System (copy)

Integumentary System

• The _____ is the protective outer covering of the body.

• Encompasses the skin and various structures associated with the skin, such as hair, nails, glands, setae, scales, feathers, and horns.

(hypodermis) Single-Layered Epidermis

Many invertebrates have a simple, single-layered epidermis covering the body.

Procuticle

layers of

chitin and protein.

Epicuticle

moisture proofing barrier.

Noncellular Cuticle Addition

• Some invertebrates enhance protection by adding a secreted noncellular cuticle over the epidermis.

• This cuticle provides additional protection against environmental factors.

Mollusks

typically possess a delicate epidermis.

Cephalopods

• a subgroup of mollusks, exhibit a more complex epidermis.

• Features include a calcified or sclerotized cuticle, a simple epidermis with a layer of connective tissues, and a layer of iridocytes.

shell

Protection is primarily provided by the presence of a

sclerotization

In insects, hardening occurs by _____ where protein molecules bond together producing the insoluble protein sclerotin.

calcification

Decapod crustaceans have a cuticle stiffened by ______ (deposition of calcium carbonate in the procuticle.

Epidermis

thin outer stratified epithelial layer, derived from ectoderm.

Dermis

thick inner layer, derived from mesoderm.

Epidermis and Dermis

Vertebrate Integument includes:

Vertebrate Integument

(Skin)

hair, feathers, claws, and hooves.

The epidermis gives rise to

stratified squamous epithelium.

Epidermis is

keratin (produced by keratinocytes)

As cells are displaced upward, cytoplasm is replaced

by….

Cells in the basal part undergo

frequent mitosis. .

Keratin

is a tough protein that is also light and flexible.

keratin.

Reptile scales are composed of

feathers, beaks, and claws.

Birds have keratin in

Mammals use keratin in

hair, hooves, claws, and nails.

dense connective tissue

The dermis is a

The dermis is a dense connective tissue layer containing

blood vessels, collagenous fibers, nerves, pigment cells, fat cells, and fibroblasts.

support, nourish, and cushion the epidermis.

Dermis serves to

bony structures of dermal origin.

The dermis may contain

Ostracoderms and placoderms

had heavy bony plates.

bony dermal structures that evolved from the armor of Paleozoic fishes.

Scales of fishes are

the armor of Paleozoic fishes.

Scales of fishes are bony dermal structures that evolved from

In reptiles, dermal bone contributes

to the armor of crocodilians, the beaded skin of some lizards, and portions of a turtle’s shell.

antlers

Dermal bone is found in the _____ of mammals.

epidermal (keratinized) and dermal components.

Claws, beaks, nails, and horns are composed of a combination of

warning coloration, or subdued as in cryptic coloration.

Coloration in animals may be bright as in….

pigments or structurally.

Colors may be produced by

minute air filled spaces that reflect white light.

The white of these feathers is produced by

Pigments

____ are a varied group of large molecules that reflect light rays producing a particular color.

chromatophores with branching processes.

Most ectothermic invertebrates have …

dispersed or concentrated.

Pigment granules can be….

pigment granules and surrounded by muscle cells.

In cephalopods, each chromatophore is a sac- like cell filled with….

pigmented sheet.

When the muscles contract, they spread the granules into a

Melanins

___ produce black & brown, contained in melanophores.

melanophores.

Melanins produce black & brown, contained in…

Carotenoid

___ pigments produce yellow and red colors.

yellow and red colors.

Carotenoid pigments produce….

xanthophores.

Frequently contained in special pigment cells called…

Iridophores

are a type of chromatophore that contain crystals of guanine instead of pigment.

Silvery or metallic

Cutaneous gland-

include all exocrine glands which secretions are release on to the surface of the skin such as sudoriferous gland (sweat gland, eccrine and apocrine gland), sebaceous gland (oil gland), ceruminous gland (wax gland), mammary gland (milk gland).

Hair and Hair follicles-

hair is a characteristic of mammals but when hair is thick and covers the entire body, this will be called fur. It serves as protection of the delicate organs (eyes, nose, external genitalia and the head). For hairy animals, it provides insulation during cold weathers.

Nails-

a modification of the claws and hooves in some animals and composed of tightly packed, keratinized epidermal cells. It allows us to pick up objects from the floor without experiencing pain.

Skeletons

are supportive systems that provide protection, support, and a place for muscle attachment.

contracting against incompressible coelomic fluids.

In the hydrostatic skeleton of an earthworm, muscles in the body wall develop force by….

move forward.

Alternate contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles of the body wall enable a worm to….

Muscular hydrostats

work because they are composed of incompressible tissues.

complex arrangements of muscles.

Complex movements are a result of…

Elephant’s trunk, mammal & reptile tongues, cephalopod tentacles

Muscular hydrostats examples.

Exoskeleton

– found in molluscs & arthropods and some other invertebrates.

Endoskeleton

– found in echinoderms, chordates, and some cnidarians.

bone and cartilage (types of connective tissue).

The vertebrate endoskeleton is composed of….

support, protection, and serves as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorous.

Bone provides

notochord

The ____ is a supportive rod found in protochordates and developing vertebrates.

• Derived from mesoderm.

• Except in jawless vertebrates, the notochord is replaced by the backbone.

cartilaginous skeletons – a derived feature since their ancestors had bony skeletons.

Jawless fishes and elasmobranchs have

Cartilage

is a soft, pliable tissue that resists compression and is variable in form.

Hyaline cartilage

___ has a clear, glassy appearance with chondrocytes surrounded by a matrix.

chondrocytes

Hyaline cartilage has a clear, glassy appearance with _____ surrounded by a matrix.

• No blood vessels.

Cartilage

is often found at articulating surfaces of many bone joints, and as supporting rings of the passageways in the respiratory system.

Radula of gastropods

(slugs and snails)

Lophophore of brachiopods

(lamp shells)

Cartilage similar to hyaline cartilage is found in many invertebrates.

• Radula of gastropods (slugs and snails)

• Lophophore of brachiopods (lamp shells)

Bone

is highly vascular living tissue that contains significant deposits of inorganic calcium salts.

Endochondral (replacement) bone

develops from another form of connective tissue – usually cartilage.

Intramembranous bone

develops directly from sheets of embryonic cells.

• Face, cranium, clavicle, dermal bone.

Spongy bone

consists of open, interlacing framework of bony tissue, oriented to give strength.

Compact bone

is dense – the open framework of spongy bone has been filled in by additional calcium salts.

Compact bone

is composed of a calcified bone matrix arranged in sets of concentric rings - osteons.

osteons.

Compact bone is composed of a calcified bone matrix arranged in sets of concentric rings -

blood vessels and nerves.

Bones consist of bundles of osteons interconnected with….

lacunae (cavities), osteocytes (bone cells)

Between the rings are _____ filled with _____ connected by tiny passageways that distribute nutrients.

Osteoclasts

are bone resorbing cells.

Osteoblasts

are bone building cells.

dynamic tissue.

Bone is a…

Hormones (parathyroid hormone for resorption and calcitonin for deposition)

are responsible for maintaining a constant calcium level in the blood.

parathyroid hormone

for resorption

calcitonin

for deposition

Axial skeleton

includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

Appendicular skeleton

includes the limbs and pectoral and pelvic girdles.

180, 35

Over time, the number of skull bones has been reduced from as many as ___ in some early fishes to ___ or fewer in mammals.

stiffening axis.

The vertebral column serves as the main…

pectoral and pelvic girdles.

Pectoral and pelvic fins in fishes supported by the…

Tetrapods have two pairs of

pentadactyl limbs (although they may be highly modified through bone loss or fusion).

the axial skeleton,

The pelvic girdle is generally firmly attached to

loosely attached.

while the pectoral girdle is more

contractile proteins

Most animal movement depends on _____ which can change their shape to relax or contract.

ATP.

These fibrils will contract when powered by

Actin and myosin

form a contractile system found in most animals.

Cilia and flagella

utilize different proteins.

amebas, white blood cells, and embryonic cells.

Ameboid movement is found in

pseudopods

Movement using __ depends on actin and myosin.

actin and myosin.

Movement using pseudopods depends on

Cilia

are found throughout the animal kingdom (except in nematodes, rare in arthropods).

Basal body

similar to a centriole – 9 triplets of microtubules composed of the protein tubulin.