NRSC 2249 - Social Cognition

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Neuroscience

34 Terms

1

sociobiology

  • exploring the biological basis of social behavior

  • how evolution and development shapes social interaction

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2

social psychology

  • behavior of individuals in social settings

  • understanding dynamics of interpersonal relationships

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3

mentalizing

  • processes supporting understanding one’s own and others’ mental states

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4

self-perception

  • ones’ view of themselves and their traits and feelings

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5

theory of mind

  • ability to infer and understand others’ thoughts, beliefs, and intentions

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6

self-perception

  • cognitive process involving the self as both observer and observed

    • observable attributes such as physical characteristics

    • unobservable attributes such as memories, internal states, and personality traits

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7

self-referential effect

  • people tend to encode and remember information better when processed in relation to themselves

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8

default mode network

  • while at rest, brains continue to engage in psychological processes

  • MPFC, precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, retrosplenial cortex, tempero-parietal junction (TPJ), medial temporal lobe, inferior parietal lobule

  • active during autobiographical memory, moral dilemmas, evaluating intentions of others

    • envisioning self in conditional situation

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9

self-knowledge biases

  • unrealistic positive self-perception

    • more likely than others to be smart, above average, or experience positive future events

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10

neural basis of positive perception

  • activity in ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) associated with making positive vs. negative self-descriptive judgements

    • different activation with imagining positive vs. negative future events

  • patients with OFC damage have unrealistically positive self-views, bring up impolite conversation topics, unaware until watching a recording

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11

future mental states

  • vmPFC/OFC important for generating predictions about future mental states

    • damage leads to inconsistency about own likes/dislikes

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12

embodiment

  • awareness of observable attributes such as physical characteristics about one’s body

  • temperoparietal junction (TPJ) plays a crucial role

    • low stimulation produces an experience that feels like falling, high stimulation produces an out-of-body experience

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13

autoscopy

  • seeing one’s own body in external space similar to looking at a mirror

  • sense of self-location within the body (unlike OBE)

  • damage to right aprieto-occipital / right temporo-occipital cortex

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14

heautoscopy

  • seeing a double of oneself in extra personal space where double can act independently and interact

    • experiencing a doppelgänger

  • damage to left temporoparietal cortex

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15

xenomelia

  • dysfunction of the superior parietal lobule

    • integration of the somatosensory, visual, and vestibular signals

  • feeling that a limb does not belong to one’s body

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16

experience sharing theory

  • theory of how we translate external observables into inferences about others’ psychological states

  • simulating others’ behaviors within one’s own mental framework

    • observing and mimicking actions and emotional responses, using own mental state to model and predict others

    • “sharing” experience to gain insight

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17

theory of mind

  • ability to perceive and recognize mental states of others and recognize that they can be different from our own

  • levels of complexity:

    • first order: predicting based on beliefs and desires

    • second order: understanding what one thinks about another person’s thoughts

  • depend more on medial premotor cortex (internal)

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18

false-belief task

  • schematic in which Sally and Anne interact with a marble

  • participant must disregard own knowledge and consider Sally’s perspective

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19

neural basis of mental states of others

  • MPFC, temporoparietal junction (TPJ), superior temporal sulcus, temporal poles

    • MPFC: broad range of social cognitive processes, forming impression of others’ mental states, interpreting others’ beliefs, desires, emotions

    • rTPJ: false-belief tasks, understanding the internal representations of another person, mentalizing, shifting attention to social information

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20

mirror neurons

  • play crucial role in extracting information about mental state from external cues

    • active when an individual performs and actuaron and when observing someone else performing the same action

    • fire even when action is not fully observed, purposeful actions

  • facial expression, eye gaze, body movement

  • depend more on lateral premotor cortex (external)

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21

superior temporal sulcus (STS)

  • important for processing eye gaze and interpreting mental states

  • signaling focus of attention, social signals

    • also active for posture, facial movement, recognizing voice

    • abnormalities in childhood autism

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22

empathy

  • enables us to understand and respond to emotions and mental states of others

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23

empathetic accuracy

  • accurate ability to infer another’s thoughts and feelings

  • vital mechanism served by mirror neurons

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24

insula

  • active when experiencing disgust and perceiving disgust

  • active when experiencing pain and perceiving (especially a loved one) experience of pain

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25

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

  • mental disorder

  • may have difficulties understanding mental states of others

  • heterogeneous in biology and symptoms

    • abnormal stem cell proliferation, leading to abnormal neuronal migration

  • general intelligence normal, often struggle with social intelligence and theory of mind (mindblindness), reduced cognitive empathy

  • difficulty picking up on basic social cues

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26

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

  • mental disorder

  • children may have difficulties understand the perspectives of others

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27

schizophrenia

  • mental disorder

  • multiple deficits in theory of mind

    • may have trouble recognizing emotions in others and understanding social cues

    • lost ability to distinguish between own thoughts and those of others

  • reduction in gray matter thickness for social cue perception/theory of mind, including MPFC, cingulate, STS, ínsula, striatum, thalamus

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28

borderline personality disorder (BPD)

  • mental disorder

  • may have difficulty understanding emotions of others

  • disrobed sense of own mental state

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29

Williams Syndrome

  • genetic condition, mental disorder

  • associated with range of cognitive and behavioral features

    • difficulty with theory of mind

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30

neural correlates of ASD

  • no single brain region/system

  • abnormal function in: MPFC, amygdala, FFA, STS, ínsula, and TPJ

    • abnormal functioning of default mode network, no change in MPFC when switching tasks

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31

mirror neurons and ASD

  • children with ASD lack same degree of automatic mimicry

    • can imitate familiar individuals/actions, but impaired in copying unfamiliar/meaningless actions

  • abnormal functioning of mirror neurons

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32

social behavior

  • navigating social interactions: complex, lacking rules

  • OFC plays crucial role in evaluating social situations and determining appropriate rules

    • important for learning and applying social knowledge

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33

feedback of social behavior

  • updating behavior based on feedback

  • damage to vmPFC / OFC may have learning from negative experiences and adjusting behavior

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34

negative consequences of social behavior

  • vmPFC important for evaluating negative consequences of social decisions

    • more strongly for negative than positive

  • FTLD (frontotemporal lobar degeneration) patients lack awareness of socially inappropriate or illegal behavior

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