AP Comp Gov Exam Mexico

What are the three countries that Mexico borders?

US, Guatemala, and Belize

What are Mexico's 2 major natural resources?

oil and silver

What region of Mexico is most economically propserous?

North

Borrowers of land from the government in Mexico

ejidatarios

In what region is the indigenous population in Mexico concentrated?

South

Northern Mexico has lots of economic opportunities via industrial jobs in assembly factories, called _____________

maquiladoras

Mexico's geographic diversity feeds into _______________ in political culture

regionalism

Mexico is 60% __________ and 30% _____________ (ethnic groups)

Mestizo, Indigenous

Mexico is 83% _____________ (religion)

Catholic

Who conquered Mexico, killing the vast majority of the indigenous population and turning it into a Spanish colony?

Cortes

These large landowners in colonial Mexico contributed to economic inequality and political instability

latifundistas

Mexico gained ____________ in 1821, but economic inequality and political instability was rampant and large landowners held a lot of power

instability

Mexico lost Texas, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, California, and parts of Colorado to what country in 1845 and 1848?

US

The period where Poririo Diaz was president of Mexico (1876-1911) was marked by authoritarianism, foreign investment, and income inequality. What was it called?

The Porfiriato

The Revolution of 1910 led by Madero against Diaz in Mexico turned into a ________ _____

Civil War

Following the Mexican Civil War, what was drafted in 1917 to focus on land reform, indigenous land protection, workers rights, and nationalism?

Constitution of 1917

The Mexican Constitution of 1917 limited the power of the Catholic Church. This is called _____________

anticlericalism

What group was allowed to vote in Mexican national elections in 1958?

women

Regional local strongmen in Mexico (who often had more power than the government) were called...

caudillos

Plutarco Elias Calles established this Mexican party to bring together the caudillos who would take turns having 6 year presidential terms

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

What is Mexico's 6 year presidential term limit called?

Sexenio

From 1917-1980, Mexico used _____________ policies such as import substitution industrialization

protectionist

The period of 1940-1982 in Mexico was marked by economic growth but also ____________ (corruption, preferential treatment, and inequality)

clientelism

From 1982-2000, Mexican presidents began to limit government involvement and increase ____________ trade and globalization

foreign

In 1994, this agreement eliminated trade barriers between the US, Canada, and Mexico

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

________________ led to economic crisis in Mexico in 1994. Economy shrank by 6.2% and inflation soared

globalization

This international organization bailed out Mexico after its 1994-1995 depression

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

In 1997, what Mexican party began to weaken, losing their absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies for the first time

PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party)

In 2000, after 71 years of PRI rule, Vincente Fox of what party was elected?

National Action Party (PAN)

Since 2000, Mexico has operated as a _____________, competitive political system

pluralistic

What Mexican party won in 2018?

MORENA (National Regeneration Movement)

Is Mexico a presidential or parliamentary system?

presidential

What is Mexico's legislature called? (It's bicameral)

National Congress (Congreso de la Unión)

What is Mexico's lower house called?

Chamber of Deputies

What is Mexico's upper house called?

Senate

Is Mexico unitary or federal?

federal

What is Mexico's chief judicial body called?

National Supreme Court of Justice

Mexico has 31 ______ and one federal district (Mexico City)

states

Is Mexico's judiciary independent in practice?

no

What is Mexico's interest group system?

corporatist

Mexico is a ______party system

multi

Mexico's governors are popularly elected and limited to one, _____ year terms

six

Governors can be removed by the __________ in Mexico if law and order is not maintained

Senate

The president must be a native-born Mexican of native-born or naturalized parents and ____ years old

35

Until the 1990s the incumbent selected the next presidential candidate. This was called _________

dedazo

The president is directly elected in a ______ ______ _____ ______ system with no run-off (plurality of votes, not the majority)

first past the post

Does the president of Mexico always have a mandate?

no (plurality required, not majority)

Are priests and religious ministers permitted to hold public office in Mexico?

no

The ___________ in Mexico can introduce bills, make appointments, create agencies, veto legislation, make policy by decree, grant pardons

executive (president)

The executive _______________ is concentrated in Mexico city and driven by patronage

bureaucracy

These high level bureaucrats in Mexico only stay in power as long as their superiors have confidence in them

confidence employees

The ____________ sector in Mexico includes government started, owned, and subsidized businesses. Reforms have limited these

parastatal

Mexico's Chamber of Deputies (lower house) has 300 deputies elected by ______ and 200 elected by _____

SMD, PR

Do Mexico's SMD districts require a majority or plurality?

plurality (FPTP)

How long are Chamber of Deputies terms in Mexico? What's the term limit

3 years, 4 consecutive terms

How long are Senate terms in Mexico? What's the term limit

6 years, 2 consecutive

How many senators are elected via FPTP per state/federal district in Mexico?

3

The remaining 32 Senate seats are elected using what method?

PR (Proportional representation)

The Mexican ___________ has the power to introduce bills, block president's bills, budgetary and foreign policy matters, override veto

Legislature

The ________ is Mexico's weakest branch of government

Judiciary

How many justices are on the Mexican Supreme Court? How many must agree to strike down a law? What's their term length?

11, 8, 15 years

In Mexico, a writ of protection claiming constitutional rights have been violated by government action, this suspends disputed action until Supreme Court can hear appeal

Amparo

Who controls the military in Mexico?

civilians

Which Mexican party? founded as a coalition of elites, clientelism, corporatist structure, anticlerical; voter base largely uneducated, older, poor, and rural

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

Which Mexican party? to the right of the PRI, created to represent business interests, less government intervention, good relationship with Catholic Church, strong in Northern Mexico; voter base middle class, religious, and educated

National Action Party (PAN)

Which Mexican Party? split from the PRI, to the left, reform and social justice focused; voters young, politically active, from central states

Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD)

Which Mexican Party? registered in 2014, democratic left-wing, supports diversity, human rights, and environmental protection, opposes neoliberalism

National Regeneration Movement (MORENA)

This independent Mexican institution regulates and monitors campaigns and elections

Federal Electoral Institute (IFE)

What is the limit on the percentage of seats single party can hold in the Chamber of Deputies? (Limit set in 1996)

60% (300 seats)

Political parties are required to maintain gender parity in Mexico when they select __________

candidates

Labor _________, especially those associated with the PRI, are powerful in Mexico

unions

_______ ___________is comparatively weak in Mexico, 85% belong to no civil organization

civil society

The media was largely run by the _____ until 2000

PRI

Mexican political culture is marked by profound ___________ of the state and little interest in politics

distrust

The Mexican electorate is largely ideologically _________ _______

center right

Only 47% of Mexicans favor ___________ over authoritarianism, and often define democracy in terms of equality rather than freedom

democracy

Mexican cleavages:

Urban vs. _________,

North vs. __________,

Mestizo vs. _________________,

and Social class

Rural, South, Amerindian

Mayan rebel army occupying parts of Chiapas (a poor, southern state) that formed post NAFTA, feeling marginalized and ignored

Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN)

What is the government owned oil company? It has lately been losing money due to declining production

PEMEX

Free trade agreement that modified NAFTA to create a more balanced trade environment between the US, Mexico, and Canada

USMCA (United States-Mexico, Canada Agreement)

Over the past two decades, Mexico has had an alarming rise in _________ ______________ fueled by demand in the US

drug trafficking

_________ from Mexico to the US has continuously strained relations

migration