Studied by 2 people
Adam Smith.
Wrote "The Wealth of Nations" in 1776. In it he wrote that the discovery of America was one of the two greatest and most important events recorded in the history of mankind.
Aztecs.
Aztecs: 14th - 16th Century.
Capital city in Tenochtitlan.
When the Spanish came, the population was 200,000.
Chinampas: Floating Gardens.
Had a powerful empire.
Staple: Maize.
Incas.
Incas: 13th - 16th Century.
Capital was in Cuzco.
Developed in the mountains of Peru.
Had a vast empire.
Had many roads and bridges,
Quipu: Record keeping using ropes and knots.
Staple: Potatoes.
Native American Rituals.
Appeared as savage to the English. The Natives traded for beads and other things with settlers to be used in their rituals.
Native American Concept of Property.
Believed that the land was sacred and didn't belong to anybody.
Native American Women's Roles.
Gathered plants and nuts or grew crops such as corn, beans, and tobacco.
Columbian Exchange.
The transfer of goods across the Atlantic for the first time.
Europeans got beans, corn, sweet and white potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco.
Europeans introduced, sugarcane, bluegrass, pigs, horses, the wheel, iron implements, and guns.
Diseases and germs were also exchanged: Europeans got syphilis, while the Natives got smallpox and measles. These diseases had a 90% mortality rate for the Natives.
Bartolome de Las Casas.
Called for the better treatment of Natives. This lead to the New Laws, however, Spanish Conservatives pushed the king to repeal some of the acts.
New Laws of 1542
Ended Indian slavery, halted forced labor, and tried to end the encomienda system.
Encomienda System.
Land grants given to Spaniards who used the Natives as a workforce in return for care.
Pueblo Revolts.
Spaniards tried to Christianize the Natives in SantƩ Fe (1610). However, the Natives revolted, resulting in the Spaniards to flee until 1692.
Inequality in England.
There was a large economic divide between the rich and the poor with he rich having most of the money of the country
Virginia Company Settlers.
The Virginia Company came to the Americas in hopes of finding gold and silver like the Spanish did, except they never did.
Pull factors for Europeans coming to the new world.
Land: An abundance of land was available, and to the English land was associated with liberty. Conditions: Conditions were bad in England, there were many criminals around the streets.
Liberty according to the English.
To the English, land was the basis for liberty. This clashed with the native's idea of liberty which was that the land was sacred and didn't belong to anybody.
Immigrants.
Immigrants often came to the New World as Indentured Servants, or people who worked to pay off their cost of passage.
Native-English relations.
Relations between the two were initially good with them trading, however, eventually this would lead to conflict as the Natives realized that the English weren't just setting up trading outposts., but expanding their civilization and their hold on land.
Issues in Jamestown (John Smith).
When the settlers didn't find any gold, the goldsmiths didn't help farm or do labor and would have rather starved. The only thing which kept the community together was John Smith who was strict. Another issue would be the diseases like malaria and dysentery since they dumped their waste into the nearby river.
Headright System.
In order to attract Europeans to come to the New World, they offered 50 acres of land to anybody who paid for their own passage.
House of Burgesses.
1619, the first elected assembly in colonial America. However, only landowners could vote.
Tobacco.
This crop helped Jamestown survive as it was like gold. The Settlers got tobacco from the Natives and it quickly became popular. Although the King hated it and called it disgusting, the people loved it, and the taxes gave him money.
Tobacco would eventually lead to many large plantations, leaving not much in terms of a society.
John Winthrop and Liberty.
He believed that there were two types of liberty: Natural liberty, the ability to do evil, and moral liberty, the ability to do good.
Mayflower Compact.
In 1620 41 of the 150 passengers on the mayflower signed this and agreed to bound themselves to and follow just and equal laws that their chosen representatives would write up.
Massachusetts General Court.
The freemen of Massachusetts elected their governor, but full church membership was required to vote in colony-wide elections.,
Church and colonial government were intricately linked.
Anne Hutchinson.
A Puritan women who argued that women should also be able to join the church and that faith wasn't outward manifestations, like church attendance, but inside manifestations. She was placed no trial in 1637 and was banned from Massachusetts.
Boston Merchants.
Half-Way Covenant.
By 1650 many Massachusetts residents had been residents could not prove that they had undergone the conversion necessary for full church membership. In 1662 this was introduced: Grandchildren of the Great Migration would be baptized and have a half-way membership.
English Liberty Established Through the Magna Carta.
Habeas Corpus: Knowing why you were arrested. The right to face one's accuser: It's harder to lie to somebody's face. Trial by Jury: Takes power away from high-up people who would threaten the Judges.
Act Concerning Religion (1649)
Maryland adopted an act that institutionalized the principles of toleration that had prevailed in the colonies beginning.
Catholics created this in order to protect themselves as Puritans were starting to outnumber the Catholics.
Mercantilism.
The belief that governments should control the economy so that more money/trade goes in than out.
Navigation Acts.
Laws that made it so that trade had to be in English ships and must pass through England's harbor, sell items, and then it can be re-traded throughout the world.
This allowed England more profit.
Charter of Liberties
1683, English in new York got an elected assembly and created these since the settlers were demanding liberties.
Why was it called the 'Colony of Colonies'.
Because Carolina was from the rich son's of the colony in Barbados.
Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina.
Envisioned a Feudal Society with hereditary nobility, serfs. and slaves. However, this never happened. The colonial government id allow for religious toleration, an elected assembly, and a generous headright system.
Yamasee and Creek's Indians.
1715, rebelled against Carolina as they were importing many Indian slaves and warring the Indians against each other.
Quakers and Liberty
They believed that all people should have liberty. (Women, Blacks, etc.)
Pennsylvania.
Founded by William Penn at the land that King Charles II gave him to pay off a debt, Penn envisioned it as a place of spiritual and religious freedom where Natives and Settlers could coexist. While there was religious tolerance, there were strict moral rules, there was no swearing, drinking or adultery.
Slavery in N-America. Attitudes towards slaves, why it developed slower than in the West Indies, and the Big decision on slaves by the House of Burgesses.
The English saw Slaves as alien and a lesser-being, which to them meant that it was okay to treat them like property. Slavery developed slower because of the high death rate in America at the time, making them less appealing since they cost more than an indentured servant. I would assume that it was when the House of Burgesses declared that converting to Christianity didn't release a slave from bondage.
Governor Berkeley.
The governor of Virginia in Jamestown, the main significant event was Bacon's rebellion in 1676. It occurred because Berkeley maintained good relations with the Natives and didn't allow new colonists to take the land.
Bacon's Rebellion.
From 1676-1677. Sparking form the former indentured servants wanting land, but Berkeley wouldn't allow them to take it from the Natives. Bacon gathered an armed force and took Jamestown. Order was restored when English Warships came.
Virginia Slave code 1705.
Strict slave codes that were enacted on slaves. Slaves were considered property.
English Bill of Rights (1689).
Guaranteed individuals rights, such as trial by jury.
Leislar's Rebellion.
A Calvinist who took control of New York, his execution polarized New York for many generations.
Witches.
Mainly in Salem, Massachusetts. Witches were those who were believed to have made a pact with the devil for power, this led to mass executions and the only way to escape execution yourself was to blame somebody else. The significance was that when it ended it led people to look for scientific answers to phenomenon.
German migrants.
German migrants migrated to the Americas, mainly in families, as Germany was mainly divided with individual Governors declaring different religions, Germans went to Americas for religious tolerance and contributed to America's religious diversity.
Scotch-Irish
The Scotch-irish succeeded in America as Artisans in cities.
Increased Migration from England was led by:
Availability of land, lack of a millitary draft, and absence of restraint on economic opportunity.
Role of the Colonial Elite.
Expanding trade created the emergence of a powerful upper class of merchants, Thought of themselves as more and more English, preferring the lifestyle in England. Many planters fell into debt trying to follow this aristocratic lifestyle
Women's Roles.
As the 18th century came, Women weren't as needed to help farm, Women's job became taking care of the children and other household chores.
Colonial Farm Families.
The family was the center of economic life, and all members contributed to the families livelihood, it was often the difference between self-sufficiency and poverty.
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