Ish's Physiology Flashcards

Physiology

Study of body or organismal functions

What is the difference between physiologic and clinical/pathological parameters?

Physiologic parameters are the ideal parameters when an animal is WNL. Clinical/pathologic parameters are the parameters taken when an animal is not WNL and typically used in diagnosis.

Where do most physiologic parameters come from?

Blood

When are parameters taken? Name three.

Diagnose a disease
Evaluate drug efficiency
Prior to surgical procedure
Evaluate organ function
Determine environmental effects on the body

What can affect physiological parameters? Name three.

Age, sex, emotional state, excersize, environmental pressures, animals temperment, human error, instrument and/or method used.

Extrinsic factors

Factors outside the body like the environment which can affect parameters.

What is the smallest unit of life?

Cell

What part of the cell membrane are carbohydrates found? Why is this important?

Outer cell membrane. Important because they are used for attachment to other cells and signaling to the outer environment.

Where do you find cholesterol in a cell? Why is this important?

Within the cell membrane. This is important because depending on the amount and position of cholesterol defines a cell's fluidity.

_______ make enzymes which play a role in cell _________

Proteins; metabolism

What defines a cell's activity level?

A cell's ability to metabolize

True or False?

Centrifugation helps to preserve a cell so that it can be further studied.

True

What are the five conditions for cell life?

1. The type of molecules within the cell
2. Role of proteins as catalysts
3. Generation and utilization of metabolic energy
4. biosynthesis of cell constituents
5. Structure of biological membranes

What are the five tissue types and why are they important?

1. Epithelial- lines body cavities and provides secretion
2. Connective- Holds components together
3. Nervous- Communication and signaling
4. Muscle- Provides contractions
5. Germ tissue- Used in reproduction and sensory organs

What are NOT cell organelles?

Cytoskeleton and vesicles

Cell Theory

All living matter is composed of a cell or multiple cells that act independently, reproduce, and functions as an integral part of the organism.

Three main types of membrane lipids

1. Phosphoslipids
2. Glycolipids
3. Steroids (cholesterol derivitive)

What makes up a phospholipid backbone? How are phospholipids formed?

Glycerol makes up the phospholipid backbone. Phospholipids are formed when a phosphate group interacts with a triglyceride kicking one of the fatty acid tails off creating a phospholipid

What are the four major and one minor membrane lipids and where are each of them found?

Major: 
Sphingomyelin- outer membrane
Phosphatidylcholine- outer membrane
Phosphatidylserine- inner membrane
Phosphatidylethanolamine- inner membrane

Minor:
Phosphatidylinositol- inner membrane

What is phosphatidylinositol important for?

Signaling

Define flippases, floppases, and scramblases.

Flippases require ATP to transport lipids toward the cytoplasm, floppases require ATP to transport lipids away from the cytoplasm, and scramblases do not require ATP and transport lipids either away OR towards the cytoplasm.

Ligand

A chemical stimulis 

Protoplasm 

When referring to both the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm

What percentage of proteins compose the cell membrane?

55%

What percentage of phospholipids compose the cell membrane?

25%

What percentage of cholesterol composes the cell membrane?

13%

What percentage of other lipids (not including phospholipids) composes the cell membrane?

4%

What percentage of carbohydrates composes the cell membrane?

3%

What four conditions define prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells? Give an example of each.

Prokaryotic: no nuclear membrane, small/simple, no membrane bound organelles, no cytoskleton
ex) Archae or bacterium

Eukaryotic: nuclear envelope, more complex, membrane bound organelles, cytoskeleton is present
ex) Animals

What percentage of bodily fluids make up body weight (including blood)?

50-60%

What two junctions are found in the heart?

Desmosomes and GAP junctions

What cells are associated with the tight junctions in the brain capillaries?

Astrocytes 

What is used for desmosome transmembrane protein?

Cadherin

What makes up the desmosome cytoskeleton?

Intermediate filaments

Which phospholipid is mainly used for protection?

Sphingosines

Amphipathic

When both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components are present 

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated lipids?

Unstaurated lipids have kinks, interact less, and offer more fluidity to cell membrane

What is a glycocalyx?

A glycolipid and glycoprotein complex covering

Which shape most likely describes filamental proteins?

cylindrical

What globular proteins are found in the muscle?

Actin and myosin

What is the state of physiological distruption of a cell which progresses, becomes severe, and distributes to an entire organ system?

Disease

True or False?

Lipids are heavier than proteins

False

Describe how a cell memebrane will look through a microscope

Trilaminar appearence. Internal layer will look clear as the phospholipid tails do not attract electrons.

Hepatitis?  What is typically suppressed with this condition?

Inflammation of the liver and protein functions are suppressed.

Protein to ____ interactions provide stability to the cell memebrane

Protein

What technique seperates the membrane into P and E phases? Describe these phases.

Freeze-fracture technique. 
E-phase: extracellular lipid layer and looks smooth
P-phase: protoplasm and protein layer which looks more rough/ridgid

Mucins

Glycoprotein that lubricates and protects the epithelium

What defines a cells position in relation to other cells and the basement membrane?

A cell's polarity

What are the functions of carbohydrates

Signaling, protection, attachment to other cells, and the ability to form chains for autoimmunity

True or False?

When glycoproteins are present, the cell surface is more positive and attracts bacteria. 

False; this makes the cell surface more negative and repulses bacteria. NOT resting membrane potential. When more gylcolipids are present this would be true.

Why is cell position important?

Attachment and material exchange

Proteoglycan

A complex of glycolipids and glycoproteins that help with cell attachment.

What are the three types of junctions

Anchoring, GAP/communicating, tight/molecule adherents

Name the types of anchoring junctions and where are they found (i.e cell-cell/ cell-extracellular membrane)

Adherins; cell-cell or cell-ECM
Desmosomes; cell-cell
Hemidesmosomes; cell-ECM 

Whats the difference between transient and stable cell attachments?

Stable- organization of cells in tissues
Transient- the permanent interaction of cells in immune system that direct white blood cells to tissue damage/innflammation

Homophilic

When two of the same antigens interact

Heterophilic

When two different antigens interact

What interaction do desmosomes maintain?

Homophilic

What do hemidesmosomes use for the cytoskeleton?

Intermediate filaments

What do hemidesmosomes use for transmembrane proteins?

Integrins

What do adherins use for the cytoskeleton?

Actin filaments

What do adherins use for transmembrane proteins?

Cadherins for cell-cell and integrins for cell-ECM

Most integral proteins exist as _____

Glycoproteins (attached to carbohydrates)

What amino acids are found on the outer membrane?

Tyrosine, threonine, serine, asparagine, and glutamine

What amino acids are found on the inner membrane?

Tryptophan, valine, proline, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, glycine, alanine, leucine, and cysteine

What are lipid rafts and why are they important?

Dense clusters of phospholipids making the membrane less flexible. These are important for cell transduction because they are equipt with receptors, enzymes, and substrates

What are the two kinds of lipid rafts? What are they made of?

Caveola-made of caveolins
Planar- made of flotalins

What is heavier in terms of cell membrane composition; proteins or lipids?

Lipids (because there are more of them)

What are the two types of membrane proteins? Which is amphipathic?

Integral and peripheral. Integral is amphipathic

Difference between rough ER and smooth ER? (In terms of how they function)

Rough ER does not make proteins but modifys and folds them. Smooth ER makes lipids.

What are the four types of adhesion molecules?

Integrins, cadherins, immunoglobulins, and selectins

Which proteins help with cell structure? Which two provide anchorage to other cells?

Actin, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Actin and microfilaments provide anchorage to other cells.

Explain why integral proteins have two configurations. What are they?

Two configuration are because they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The hydrophobic part has a helical form while the hydrophilic part has an irregular coil configuration.

Connexin

A protein used by GAP junctions to interact

Connexon

Pores varying in size and polarity that are used by GAP junctions to communicate.

How do GAP junctions communicate?

Chemically communicate between adjacent cellular cytoplasm by diffusion without direct contact with the extracellular fluid

Which movement of membrane molecules are less frequent? 

Rotational
Transverse
Lateral

Transverse

"True or false? Fix the statement if its false. 

Carbohydrates are negatively charged molecules found on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane to protect the cell from microbes."

False. They are found on the extracellular side.

"True or false? Fix the statement if its false. 

Cholesterol binds to hydrophilic heads when temperatures are decreased to aid in fluidity."

False. When temperatures decrease, cholesterol binds to hydrophobic tails.

Where are polar amino acids found? Inner or outer cell membrane?

Outer

What type of reaction occurs when disulfide bridges are formed between cysteine and sulfure?

Oxidation

What unfolds a protein so it can cross into the RER? What unfolds a protein so it can cross into the GA?

Going to RER: cytoplasmic chaperones
Going to GA: luminal chaperones

When a protein is moving from the RER to the GA what carries the protein? How? If an error occurs, what carries the protein from GA back to RER? How?

RER to GA: protein carried by COPII via antegrade
GA to RER: protein carried by COPI via retrograde

When a proteins modification process is complete, how will it leave the golgi apparatus?

In a secretory vessicle

True or false

In cotranslational translocation, the polypeptide is coming from an attached ribosome.

True

True or false

The signal recognition particle is on the N-terminus of the polypeptide

False. The signal recognition particle is on the rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane

Hydrochloric acid production is most likely from which active transport pump?

H+/K+ ATPase

Resting membrane potential is most likely due to which active transport pump?

Na+/K+ ATPase

The pumping of molecules out of the mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum is most likely from which active transport pump?

Ca2+ ATPase

If a cell cannot undergo action potential it is considered ____

Dead

Which organelle initiates cell apoptosis?

Mitochondria

What ion is responsible for initiating cell apoptosis?

Calcium

What enzyme cleaves off the ribosome so a polypeptide can enter the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Signal peptidase

Name the five types of glycosylation

N-linked, O-linked, Glypiation, C-linked, and Phosphoglycosylation

N-linked glycosylation

The binding of glycan (sugar) to the amino group of asparagines in the RER

O-linked glycosylation

Binding of monosaccharide glycan to the hydroxyl group of serine or threonine in the RER, Golgi, cytosol and the nucleus.

Glypiation

Glycan core links to a phospholipid and a protein

C-linked

Mannose binds to the indole ring of tryptophan

Phosphoglycosylation

Glycan binds to serine via phosphodiester bond

Protective container for cells DNA 

Nucleus