Cell Biology and Signaling Pathways Lecture Notes

This collection of flashcards covers key terminology and processes from a lecture on cell biology and signaling pathways, focusing on mitochondrial function, protein transport, and cellular signaling mechanisms.

Pinocytosis

A process of "cell drinking," where the cell ingests extracellular fluid.

Mitochondria

Organelles that likely originated as bacteria through endosymbiosis, acting as the powerhouse of the cell.

Akt

A serine/threonine protein kinase that promotes cell survival by regulating Bad and Bcl2.

Endocytosis

The process by which cells take in substances by engulfing them.

Collagen Synthesis Pathway

Rough ER → transport vesicle → Golgi apparatus → secretory vesicle → cell membrane.

Amplification in Signaling Pathway

The creation of cAMP by adenylyl cyclase leading to a strong downstream response.

Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS)

A signal allowing proteins to be transported into the nucleus.

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

An enzyme that converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, releasing CO₂ in the process.

Acetylcholine's Effect on Heart Cells

Binding to GPCR affects heart muscle cells by decreasing heart rate.

NADH and ATP Yield

NADH generates more ATP per molecule oxidized in mitochondria compared to FADH₂.

Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)

A cellular response activated when misfolded proteins accumulate.

Complex V Inhibitor (Oligomycin)

Inhibits ATP synthesis by preventing proton flow.

β-Oxidation

The metabolic process of breaking down fatty acids to produce Acetyl-CoA and reduce FAD to FADH₂.

Insulin Signaling

A type of endocrine signaling involved in glucose uptake.

Signal Sequence

Peptide sequence that directs the localization and transport of proteins.

Ras Activation

Ras becomes activated by exchanging GDP for GTP, triggering a signaling cascade.

ATP Synthase Function

Uses the energy from the proton gradient to synthesize ATP.

Cyanide Inhibition

Cyanide inhibits the reduction of oxygen to water in the electron transport chain.