Spanish Grammar, AQA GCSE

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Noun Gender: Masculine

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71 Terms

1

Noun Gender: Masculine

  • Generally ends in “-o”

  • Examples: el libro, el gato

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Noun Gender: Feminine

  • Generally ends in “-a”

  • Examples: la casa, la mesa

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Noun Gender Exceptions

  • Masculine: el día, el mapa

  • Feminine: la mano, la foto, el agua

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4

Plural Forms: Vowel Ending

  • Add “-s” if the noun ends in a vowel

  • Examples: los libros, las casas

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5

Plural Forms: Consonant Ending

  • Add “-es” if the noun ends in a consonant

  • Examples: los estudiantes, las ciudades

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Plural Forms: -z Ending

  • Change “-z” to “-ces”

  • Example: el lápiz -> los lápices

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Definite Articles

  • el, la, los, las

  • Used for specific nouns

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8

Indefinite Articles

  • un, una, unos, unas

  • Used for non-specific nouns

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9

Compound Nouns

  • Usually masculine

  • Formed by combining verb + noun

  • Example: corta (to cut) + uñas (nails) -> el cortaúñas

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Collective Nouns

  • Singular but refer to a group

  • Examples: la gente, el equipo

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Adjective Agreement

  • Must match the noun in gender and number

  • Examples: el libro interesante, la mesa roja

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Adjective Placement

  • Generally follow the noun

  • Example: una casa grande

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Special Adjectives

  • Precede the noun and often change meaning

  • Example: un gran hombre vs. un hombre grande

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Comparative: More/Less

  • más... que (more... than)

  • menos... que (less... than)

  • Examples: Juan es más alto que Pedro, María es menos rápida que Ana

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Comparative: As... As

  • tan... como (as... as)

  • Example: Luis es tan inteligente como Carla

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Superlative: The Most/Least

  • el/la/los/las más (the most)

  • el/la/los/las menos (the least)

  • Examples: Es la chica más lista de la clase, Es el chico menos simpático del grupo

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Irregular Adjectives

  • bueno -> mejor (good -> better)

  • malo -> peor (bad -> worse)

  • grande -> mayor (big -> bigger/older)

  • pequeño -> menor (small -> smaller/younger)

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Subject Pronouns: Singular

  • yo (I)

  • tú (you, informal)

  • él/ella/usted (he, she, you formal)

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Subject Pronouns: Plural

  • nosotros/nosotras (we)

  • vosotros/vosotras (you all, informal in Spain)

  • ellos/ellas/ustedes (they, you all formal)

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Direct Object Pronouns

  • me (me)

  • te (you, informal)

  • lo/la (him, her, it, you formal)

  • nos (us)

  • os (you all, informal)

  • los/las (them, you all formal)

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Indirect Object Pronouns

  • me (to/for me)

  • te (to/for you, informal)

  • le (to/for him, her, it, you formal)

  • nos (to/for us)

  • os (to/for you all, informal)

  • les (to/for them, you all formal)

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Reflexive Pronouns

  • me (myself)

  • te (yourself, informal)

  • se (himself, herself, itself, yourself formal)

  • nos (ourselves)

  • os (yourselves, informal)

  • se (themselves, yourselves formal)

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Possessive Pronouns

  • mío/mía (mine)

  • tuyo/tuya (yours, informal)

  • suyo/suya (his, hers, yours formal)

  • nuestro/nuestra (ours)

  • vuestro/vuestra (yours, informal)

  • suyo/suya (theirs, yours formal)

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Regular Verbs: -AR Endings (hablar)

  • Present: hablo, hablas, habla, hablamos, habláis, hablan

  • Preterite: hablé, hablaste, habló, hablamos, hablasteis, hablaron

  • Imperfect: hablaba, hablabas, hablaba, hablábamos, hablabais, hablaban

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Regular Verbs: -ER Endings (comer)

  • Present: como, comes, come, comemos, coméis, comen

  • Preterite: comí, comiste, comió, comimos, comisteis, comieron

  • Imperfect: comía, comías, comía, comíamos, comíais, comían

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Regular Verbs: -IR Endings (vivir)

  • Present: vivo, vives, vive, vivimos, vivís, viven

  • Preterite: viví, viviste, vivió, vivimos, vivisteis, vivieron

  • Imperfect: vivía, vivías, vivía, vivíamos, vivíais, vivían

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Irregular Verb: Ser (to be, permanent)

  • Present: soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son

  • Preterite: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron

  • Imperfect: era, eras, era, éramos, erais, eran

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Irregular Verb: Estar (to be, temporary)

  • Present: estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están

  • Preterite: estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvimos, estuvisteis, estuvieron

  • Imperfect: estaba, estabas, estaba, estábamos, estabais, estaban

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Irregular Verb: Tener (to have)

  • Present: tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen

  • Preterite: tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvisteis, tuvieron

  • Imperfect: tenía, tenías, tenía, teníamos, teníais, tenían

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Future Tense

  • Add endings to the infinitive: é, ás, á, emos, éis, án

  • Examples: hablaré, comerás, vivirá

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Conditional Tense

  • Add endings to the infinitive: ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían

  • Examples: hablaría, comerías, viviría

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Present Subjunctive Formation

  • Start with the yo form of the present indicative, drop the -o, and add opposite endings

  • -ar verbs: e, es, e, emos, éis, en

  • -er/-ir verbs: a, as, a, amos, áis, an

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Uses of Present Subjunctive

Wishes, emotions, impersonal expressions, recommendations, doubt/denial, and ojalá (WEIRDO)

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Uses of Ser

  • Identity: Soy estudiante.

  • Origin: Soy de España.

  • Characteristics: Él es alto.

  • Time and Date: Son las tres.

  • Occupation: Ella es doctora.

  • Relationships: Juan es mi amigo.

  • Events: La fiesta es en mi casa.

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Uses of Estar

  • Location: Estoy en casa.

  • Health: Estoy enfermo.

  • Emotions: Estoy feliz.

  • Temporary States: La sopa está caliente.

  • Progressive Actions: Estoy estudiando.

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Uses of Tener

  • Possession: Tengo un coche.

  • Age: Tengo veinte años.

  • Expressions:

    • tener que (to have to): Tengo que estudiar.

    • tener hambre (to be hungry): Tengo hambre.

    • tener sed (to be thirsty): Tengo sed.

    • tener frío/calor (to be cold/hot): Tengo frío.

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Uses of Haber

  • Auxiliary Verb:

    • Present Perfect: he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han + past participle (He comido)

    • Pluperfect: había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían + past participle (Había estudiado)

  • Existence:

    • hay (there is/are): Hay un libro en la mesa.

    • hubo (there was/were): Hubo una fiesta.

    • había (there was/were): Había muchas personas.

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38

Common Prepositions (a)

  • to, at

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Common Prepositions (de)

  • of, from

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Common Preposition (en)

  • in, on

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Common Preposition (con)

  • with

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Common Preposition (por)

  • for, by, through, indicates destination

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Common Preposition (para)

  • for, in order to, indicates opinions

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Common Preposition (sin)

  • without

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Common Preposition (sobre)

  • on, about

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Common Preposition (entre)

  • between, among

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Prepositions Usage in Phrases (ir a)

  • to go to

  • Example: Voy a la escuela.

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Prepositions Usage in Phrases (hablar de)

  • to talk about

  • Example: Hablamos de la película.

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49

Prepositions Usage in Phrases (estar en)

  • to be in/on

  • Example: Estoy en casa.

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50

Prepositions Usage in Phrases (viajar con)

  • to travel with

  • Example: Viajo con amigos.

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51

Prepositions Usage in Phrases (caminar por)

  • to walk through

  • Example: Caminamos por el parque.

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Prepositions Usage in Phrases (estudiar para)

  • to study for

  • Example: Estudio para el examen.

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Prepositions Usage in Phrases (vivir sin)

  • to live without

  • Example: No puedo vivir sin música.

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54

Prepositions Usage in Phrases (pensar sobre)

  • to think about

  • Example: Pienso sobre el futuro.

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Prepositions Usage in Phrases (compartir entre)

  • to share among

  • Example: Compartimos la comida entre todos.

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56

Formation of Adverbs

  • Add -mente to the feminine form of adjectives

  • Examples: rápido -> rápidamente, fácil -> fácilmente

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Placement of Adverbs

  • Usually follow the verb they modify

  • Example: Habla lentamente.

  • Can also be placed at the beginning or end of the sentence for emphasis

  • Examples: Lentamente, habla. Habla lentamente.

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Common Adverbs (aquí, allí, allá)

  • here, there, over there

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Common Adverbs (ahora, entonces)

  • now, then

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Common Adverbs (bien, mal)

  • well, badly

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Common Adverbs (muy, poco)

  • very, little

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Common Adverbs (siempre, nunca)

always, never

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Common Adverbs (ya, todavía)

already, still/yet

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Coordinating Conjunctions

  • y (and)

  • o (or)

  • pero (but)

  • sino (but rather)

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Subordinating Conjunctions

  • que (that)

  • porque (because)

  • aunque (although)

  • si (if)

  • cuando (when)

  • mientras (while)

  • donde (where)

  • como (as, like)

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Basic Sentence Order

  • Subject-Verb-Object (SVO)

  • Example: Yo estudio español.

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Forming Questions

  • Inversion of subject and verb

  • Example: ¿Estudias español?

  • Use of question words:

    • qué (what): ¿Qué estudias?

    • quién (who): ¿Quién es?

    • cuándo (when): ¿Cuándo vas?

    • dónde (where): ¿Dónde estás?

    • por qué (why): ¿Por qué estudias?

    • cómo (how): ¿Cómo estás?

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Negation

  • Place "no" before the verb

  • Example: No estudio francés.

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Direct Object Pronouns: Placement

  • Before conjugated verb or attached to infinitive/gerund

  • Examples: Lo veo. / Voy a verlo.

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Indirect Object Pronouns: Placement

  • Before conjugated verb or attached to infinitive/gerund

  • Examples: Le escribo una carta. / Voy a escribirle una carta.

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Combining Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns

  • Indirect precedes direct

  • Examples: Me lo da. / Nos la trae.

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