operant conditioning, social, insight, latent learning

psychology

operant conditioning

learning based on consequences

can be aware of

law effect

desirable effects are repeated, undesirable results are not

B.F. Skinner

• coined term OC

• skinner box=operant conditioning chambers

reinforcer

an item given to increase behavior

primary reinforcer

biologically important (food, drink)

secondary reinforcer

learned/money, grades

token economy

exchanged for special privilege

reinforcement

increases

punishment

decreases

positive

something is added to change behavior

negative

something is taken away or avoided to change behavior

shaping

reinforces steps for desired behavior

ex: toilet training, pet tricks

watch out for instinctive drift

instinctive drift

when an animal returns to their natural instinct

superstitious behavior

luck shirt

learned happiness

fell as if they have no control of repeated aversive (bad) events

continuous

reinforced every time

behavior can extinguish if not reinforced one or twice

partial

reinforced some of the time

fixed ratio

reinforced after set number of correct responses

ex: 3 beans=1 M&M

variable ratio

reinforced after varied number of responses, numbers change randomly

ex: gambling (slot machine)

best to prevent extinction

fixed interval

reinforced after correct responses a set amount of time

variable interval

reinforced after correct response after a varied amount of time

variable scheules

more resistent to extinction, variable ratio is the best

scalloped graph

represents fixed interval

ex: paychecks

latent learning

• rats who were not reinforced for doing a maze ran it as quickly as the rats that were reinforced

• humans can anticipate future rewards

• latent=later, not reinforced right away

cognitive maps

mental images of birds eye view of area, multiple paths

insight learning

aha moment

social learning theory

vicarious conditioning

model

observation and imitation

bobo the clown doll experiement

children who watched the aggressive model showed aggressive behavior on the doll