APUSH Period 2 Flashcards

John Smith

One of the main leaders of the first English Colony in North America, Jamestown, founded in 1607.

Virginia Company

A joint-stock company that funded and ran the Jamestown colony, trying to turn this new world into a cash opportunity for investors, mostly by finding new resources (gold, tobacco). Also wanted to spread Christianity to the New World.

Anglican Church

The Church of England founded by Henry VIII, because the pope of the Catholic Church refused his marriage. This caused lots of religious disagreement.

Indentured Servants

People who were enslaved for a certain period of time, who could be bought and sold, in exchange for free passage to the Americas

Jamestown, VA

The first settlement founded by English colonists, sponsored by the Virginia company.  It was pretty rough at first (Malaria, starvation).

Headright System

A system where the Virginia Company rewarded colonists with land for bringing people to North America to get more settlers and form Virginia into a functioning society.

House of Burgesses

First elected assembly to make laws in colonial America (1619)

Powhatan

A group of Native American tribes under the rule of Wahunsonacock, who at first were at peace and traded with the settlers but then fought over land and resources.

Tobacco

An insanely popular commodity in Europe that motivated farming in Virginia to export the cash crop and draw in wealth.

Plantation Slavery

A system where large groups of slaved worked under the control of a single owner.

West Indies

A group of islands where plantations for trade commodities like sugar were prominent, and therefore had large amounts of enslaved Africans

Sugar

A huge cash crop most prominent in the Caribbean Islands/West Indies, exploiting African slave labor to generate large profits

Maryland

The second Chesapeake colony, which was proprietary (meaning it was granted to one person by the government).

Puritans/Congregationalists

A religious group of England who wanted to purify the church of England (because they believed it was too similar to the Catholic Church"), and also founded the Massachussetts Bay Colony.

17th Century North America

A very dangerous environment and difficult to settle in, due to disease, warfare, and starvation.

Land

A source of wealth and status for English settlers, and lured free settlers to America.

Natives and Colonists in 17th Century North America

At first, traded for valuable goods like cloth and guns, but then started to fight as Colonists trespassed and destroyed Native Land

Predestination

The idea that God had already determined the Elect (those going to Heaven) and the damned (those going to hell.

City Upon A Hill

The idea of a perfect, exemplary Utopian society that the Puritans aimed to create for others to look up to, especially used by John Winthrop.

Pilgrims

Separatist Puritans who boarded the Mayflower to land in Plymouth.

Mayflower Compact

A document signed on the Mayflower to make laws and a government by their own representatives.

Wampanoags

An Native American tribe who allied with the Pilgrims to defend Plymouth.

Massachusetts Bay

Great Migration

The migration of 21,000 English puritans to the MA Bay colony

Pequot War

A growing Native American tribe who fought against the English and the Narragansetts and Mohegans, eventually losing and being enslaved.

Dissenters

Protestants who did not align with the established Church. In other words, they did not follow Puritans.

Rhode Island

A colony established in 1636 by Roger Williams promoting religious tolerance and freedom and exhibiting a more democratic government.

Half-way Covenant

Allowed grandchildren of those who arrived during the Great Migration to be baptized and have a partial church membership

English Liberty

English men were entitled to liberties like trial by jury,etc.

King Phillips War

A war over English settlements consuming Native Land, resulting in the Wampanoags and Mohawks fighting against the English in a bloody war.

Mercantalism

The idea that governments should do more exporting than they do importing. This involved the mother countries exploiting colonies for natural resources to sell more expensive, finished goods for profit.

Navigation acts

Certain goods — such as tobacco and sugar — had to be exported on English Ships and go through English customs, where duties were paid making the mother country more money and eliminating foreign trade and profits for the colonies.

New York

Previously New Netherland before seizing by England. They agreed on English respecting religions/ethnic communities, but women’s rights in the area suffered.  Also sided with the Haudenosaunee and others of the Iriquois League to fight Native rivals. Traded furs.

Pennsylvania

A colony founded by William Penn in 1681, fixed on provided a place for people facing religious persecution, a place of spiritual freedom. This colony was heavily promoted and publicized.

William Penn

A quaker who founded Pennsylvania and had the belief that liberty was a universal entitlement, and that all religions and ethnic groups should be accepted.

Quakers

People who believed in liberty for all and a society accepting anyone who face persecution

Bacon’s Rebellion

A rebellion against Governor Berkeley for more land for people like small farmers, indentured servants, and more who wanted landed belonging to Natives/the elite of Virginia.

English Bill of Rights (1689)

Limited monarchy, strengthened Parliament, inspired colonial liberty ideas.

English Toleration Act (1690)

Allowed most Protestants to worship in Massachusetts, weakened Puritan dominance.

Salem Witch Trials (1692)

Witchcraft hysteria in Massachusetts leading to 20 executions, showed dangers of extremism.

Mestizos

People of mixed Spanish and Native ancestry in Spanish America.

Scots-Irish and German Immigrants

Major 1700s immigrant groups adding diversity, settled frontier and Pennsylvania.

Backcountry

Frontier region near Appalachians, home to poor farmers and immigrants.

Port Cities

Trade hubs like Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Charleston.

Staple Crops

Cash crops like tobacco, rice, indigo, and wheat fueling economies.

Atlantic Slave Trade

Forced transport of Africans to Americas for plantation labor.

Triangle Trade

Trade network linking colonies, Europe, and Africa with slaves and goods.

Middle Passage

Brutal voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic.

Stono Rebellion (1739)

Largest colonial slave revolt in South Carolina, led to harsher laws.

Republicanism

Idea of citizen participation and opposition to tyranny.

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker advocating natural rights and social contract.

Colonial Assemblies

Elected colonial legislatures gaining power and self-rule.

Salutary Neglect

British policy of hands-off rule if colonies stayed profitable.

Colonial Press

Newspapers spreading ideas, Zenger trial advanced free expression.

Enlightenment

Movement stressing reason, science, and progress.

Benjamin Franklin

Colonial Enlightenment figure, inventor, scientist, diplomat.

Deism

Belief in a creator God who does not intervene in daily life.

Great Awakening (1730s-40s)

Religious revival stressing emotion and personal faith.

Impacts of Great Awakening

New denominations, religious diversity, questioned authority, fueled revolutionary thought.