Fill-In-Blanks 2

A paradigm is a set of _____

Basic assumptions

A paradigm is a general perspective that defines how to:

Conceptualize and study a subjective

Gather and interpret relevant data

Think about a particular subject

Somatogenic Hypothesis: Mental disorders caused by aberrant or defective _____ processes

Biological

____ = unobservable genetic constitution

Genotype

Various clinical syndromes are disorders of the ______

Phenotype

The predisposition of inheriting mental illness genotype is known as _____

Diathesis

____ = used to study a genetic predisposition among members of a family

Family method

____ = Concordance rates.

Twin method

____ = any one of several DNA codings that occupy the same position on a chromosome

Allele

Genetic polymorphism entails ____ in a chromosome that can be induced or naturally occurring

Mutations

A locus on _______ is associated with an enhanced risk for externalizing psychopathology (aggression, conduct disorder) and with Borderline Personality Disorder

Chromosome 9

______ = notion that a disorder/related symptmos are the joint product of a genetic vulnerability and specific environmental experiences

Gene-environment interactions

In gene-environment interactions, a concern is that there is an exclusive focus on genetic factors promotes the notion that illness are _____

Predetermined

Genetic temperament characterized by adaptability and high functioning

The Resilient Type

Genetic temperament characterized by overly inhibited, prone to distress, and are linked to shyness/loneliness/moderate self-esteem

The Overcontrolling Type

Genetic temperament associated with impulsivity, aggressive behaviours, delinquency, and low IQ

The Undercontrolling Type

Each neuron has ___ major parts

4

______ = chemical substances that allow a nerve impulse to cross the synapse

Neurotransmitters

____ = some of what remains in the synapse is broken down by enzymes and pumped back into the presynaptic cell

Reuptake

_____ = too much/little of a particular transmitter

Over-under production

_____ = disturbances in the amounts of specific transmitters resulted from alterations in usual processes by which transmitters are deactivated after being released into the synapse

Faulty reuptake

The Behavioural ____ Perspective of CBT

Learning

Positive Reinforcement: Strengthening of a tendency to respond by virtue of a ___ pleasant event

Prevention

Negative Reinforcement: Strengthens a response by the ___ of aversive events

Removal

Aversive Conditioning: A stimulus attractive to the client is paired with an ____ event

Unpleasant

Time out for a child is an example of ____ conditioning

Operant

How do we filter the bombardment of stimuli we experience? ____ or Cognitive Sets

Schemas

Example of a schema: Depression and ____

Hopelessness

Beck believed a depressed mood is caused by ____ in the way people ____ life experiences

Distortions; perceive

Beck tried to persuade clients to change their opinions of themselves and the way in which they ____ life events

Interpret

Ellis believed that self-statements sometimes reflect unspoken assumptions (_____) about what is necessary to lead a meaningful life

Irrational beliefs

A general term for changing a pattern of thought that is presumed to be causing a disturbed emotion/behaviour

Cognitive reconstructing

Approaches are based on the idea that the person is influenced by their ____ as much as the objective features of these events

Perception

CBT can be more effective long-term than _____ in treating depression

Antidepressants

Psychopathology results from _____ conflicts in the individual

Unconscious

ID seeks ________

Immediate gratification

A feeling of fear that is not connected to reality or to any real threat

Neurotic anxiety (id)

The EGO deals with _____

Reality

When one’s life is in jeopardy, one feels realistic anxiety - danger in the external world

Objective anxiety (ego)

The SUPEREGO operates as the _____

Conscious

Not meetings expectations and thereby satisfying the perfection principle

Moral anxiety (superego)

Blocks to free association where the client may suddenly become silent/change the topic

Resistances

_____ help shape adult personality (contribution of psychoanalytic paradigm)

Childhood

There are _____ influences on behaviour (contribution of psychoanalytic paradigm)

Unconscious

People use _____ to control anxiety and stress (contributions of psychoanalytic paradigm)

Defense mechanisms

Main purpose of the humanistic paradigm is _____

Intervention

Striving to reach ____ = part of the humanistic paradigm

Self-actualization (sense & fulfillment of potential)

Key feature of Client-Centered Therapy

Empathy

Healthy people are _____ of their behaviour (client-centered therapy)

Aware

Client-centered therapy create conditions that will facilitate ____ decision-making by the client

Independent

Positive psychology focuses on ____ factors as opposed to vulnerability factors

Protective

____ does not always lead to change (Criticism of humanistic paradigm)

Self-awareness

Example of Trichotillomania: Behaviourist focus on _____ of relief of tension by pulling hair

Reinforcement

Example of Trichotillomania: Psychoanalyst - Interpersonal dynamics and _____ experiences

Early life

Example of Trichotillomania: Cognitive - _____ fears about failure

Irrational

Parenting style characterized by restrictive, punitive, over-involved parents and child with poorer intellectual + social development

Authoritarian

Parenting style characterized by lack of direction and guidelines, little involvement, and seeming disinterested

Permissive

Parenting style characterized by discipline using reason and warmth, guidelines in place with a caring attitude

Authoritative

Parental mental illness: One of the ______ risk factors

Most damaging

Child psychopathy is stronger among:

Younger children, among girls, and among families in poverty

Negative peer status led to loneliness → ______

Depression

High peer victimization = ____ of poor relations and worsens over time

Perception