FRST 210 Lab final species

Pinaceae

- family that most of the species for this term are a part of.

- large woody trees

- Needles either single or in fascicles

- woody cones with bract and seed scales - winged seeds.

Pinus

- Genus of trees

- needles in fascicles (# needles in a bundle is used for IDing species)

- bundle sheath surrounds base of fascicle.

- compound buds look like candles.

- 2seeds per cone scale.

Hard pines

- sub genus pinus

- fascicles: 2s or 3s.

- needles: hard, stiff, pointy

- Bundle sheath: persistent

- Umbo: middle of seed scale, armored.

Soft pines

- sub genus strobus

- fascicles: 5s.

- needles: soft, flexible, blue/green color mix.

- Bundle sheath: deciduous

- Umbo: tip seed scale, not armored.

- seed scales are thinner and more flexible.

Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine)

- Hard pine

- fascicles: 2s

- needles: twisted, flat, dull green

- Bundle sheath: persistent

- Umbo: armored with a prickle.

- cones: seed cones open in fire, pollen cones are yellow and egg shaped. Cones point backwards towards trunk.

Pinus banksiana

- Hard pine

- fascicles: 2s

- needles: twisted slightly

- Bundle sheath: persistent

- growth form: short and scrubby

- cones: seed cones are bent and point away from trunk.

Pinus sylvestris

- Hard pine

- fascicles: 2s

- needles: cross over and wrap around each other, bluish color.

- Bundle sheath: persistent

- bark: orange colored

- cones: conical and smallish.

pinus ponderosa

- Hard pine

- fascicles: 3s

- needles: long

- Bundle sheath: persistent, thick

- umbo: sharp and armored.

- cones: cylindrical or conical.

Pinus coulteri

- Hard pine

- fascicles: 3s

- needles: long

- umbo: hooks/teeth

- cones: MASSIVE

Pinus nigra

- Hard pine

- fascicles: 2s

- needles: dark green, thick, course, long.

- umbo: smooth

- cones: 2 toned color

Pinus lambertiana

- soft pine

- fascicles: 5s

- needles: long

- cones: MASSIVE (length)

Pinus strobus

- soft pine

- fascicles: 5s

- needles: green color on adaxial side and bluish on abaxial due to 2 prominent bands of stomata, soft, strait.

- cones: slender, long, scales are round.

pinus monticola

- soft pine

- fascicles: 5s

- needles: green on adaxial and blue on abaxial due to 4 prominent stomatal bands, soft, flexible, curvy.

- cones: slightly wider and more flexible than other soft pines.

Pinus albicaulis (white bark pine)

- soft pine

- fascicles: 5s

- needles: short, thick, clustered, green/blue color.

- cones: seed scales fused together and rely on animals breaking into them to disperse seeds.

Pinus flexilis

- soft pine

- fascicles: 5s

- needles: longish, blue/green color

- cones: thick spoon shaped scales that open at maturity.

- branches: very flexible to shed snow.

Pinus parviflora

- soft pine

- fascicles: 5s

- needles: bluest and brightest of any pine.

- cones: wide, thick, resinous (sticky)

- growth form: small to medium tree

Tsuga Heterophylla (western hemlock)

- hemlock

- needles: singles, all different lengths and directions, dark green adaxial, and white abaxial.

- cones: tiny and papery.

Tsuga mertensiana (mountain hemlock)

- hemlock

- needles: singles, uniform length, spiraled, dark green on both sides with faint lines of white dots.

- cones: oblong, papery

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir)

- hemlock

- needles: singles, flat

- buds: red, imbricate, pointy.

- cones: bract scales look like mouse tails.

Picea (spruce)

- genus of pinaceae family

- needles: 4 sided, pointed, can be very sharp, held on pegs (little bumps), single.

- cones: papery, pendulous.

- Buds: Scales are papery

Abies (fir)

- Genus of pinaceae family

- needles: stiff/thick, flat, blunt, notched, single, circular attachment.

- buds: blunt and resinous.

- cones: errect on branches, fall apart at maturity.

Larix (larch)

- Genus of pinaceae family

- needles: deciduous, singles, soft, flat

- short shoots: common

- cones: small

Larix Laricina

- needles: longest, deciduous

- twigs: hairless

- cones: smallest, plentiful, rounded seed cone scales, no bract scales.

Larix accidentalis

- needles: deciduous, shorter.

- short shoots: common

- cones: longer and darker, long bract scale if present

Trunk: thick layered bark

Twigs: slightly hairy

Larix lyalli

- needles: deciduous

- twigs: very hairy, short shoots plentiful

- cones: have a black bract scale with brown stripe, shorter, wider.

Picea Sitchensis (Sitka Spruce)

- needles: very pointy, sharp, long, strait, neatly spiraled, singles, 2 toned (Abaxial is blue, adaxial is greenish).

- cones: papery, pendulous, jagged seed scale edges, small visible bract that is a pointed shape.

Picea Englemannii

- needles: sharp, slight curve

- short shoots: common

- cones: shorter, jagged + pointed scales, no bract scale.

- Growth form: tallest tree in alpine areas, narrow.

Picea glauca

- needles: pointed but not sharp, sage green, curved.

- Twigs: orange/light brown

- Cones: small, no bract, smooth seed scales.

Picea pungens

- needles: very sharp, long, curved, thick

- Twigs: very orange

- Cones: no bract, long, ragged edge.

Picea abies

- needles: dark green, softer

- form: droopy

- Cones: largest of all picea, smooth scales, no bract

Picea mariana

- needles: thin, short, green, soft

- form: club

- Cones: tiny, smooth seed scales.

Picea omorika

- needles: flat, thick, green adaxial, blue abaxial.

- form: downward sweeping branches.

- Cones: rounded slightly irregular scales

Abies procera

- needles: point upwards at sky

- buds: rounded

- Cones: giant, biggest of abies, large visible bract scale looks like Fd's.

Abies grandis

- needles: long, face out from twig, looks opposite (but actually spiraled), strongly notched, shiny adaxial, white abaxial

- Twigs: very fregrant

- Cones: small, dark color, no bract

Abies lasiocarpa

- needles: thick, clustered, curved upwards.

- Twigs: woody sent, less citrusy

- Cones: resinous, purple/black color, wide-ish

Abies amabilis

- needles: short, white abaxial, shiny adaxial, notched

- Twigs: outward needles on sides, forward needles on top

- Cones: Looks like grandis, but smaller

Abies balsamea

- needles: short, curved up, space between them

- Twigs: can see resinous areas at all branching points, piny wood smell

- buds: waxy and purple.

- Cones: small, purple/black, resinous, smooth scales.

Cedrus atlantica

- needles: densely clustered, spiraled, blue/green color

- Cones: wide and egg shaped.

Cupressaceae (cypress)

-2nd largest family of conifers

- needles, awls, or scales

- awls and scales are the most common.

- needles can be soft or sharp.

- cones: globular, scales dehiscent, bract and seed scale are fused, sometimes fleshy.

- vegetative buds are less common.

Thuja plicata (Western red cedar)

- scales: thin, dull white undersides, round joint between scales.

- Twigs: smells citrusy, stiff.

- Cones: small, open upright on tree, egg shaped.

- Trunk: butresed.

- monecious

Calocedrus decurrens

- scales: joints look linear like a whine glass.

- cones: pendulous, 2 large scales.

- monecious

Callitropsis nootkatensis

- scales: 4 rows, feels thick

- Pollen cones: Tiny, yellow, spherical

- Seed cones: spherical, horned scales, blue/purple due to glaucaus wax.

- monecious

Juniperous Communis

- cones: fleshy

- dioecious

- needles: sharp, whorled, white stomata on top.

Juniperus scopulorum

- Scales: opposite pairs, bluish green

- cones: fleshy, blue

Cryptomeria japonica

- Awls: hooked, soft, green/yellow

- Cones: round, solitary at ends of shoots.

Cunninghamia lanceolata

- Needles: thick, long, spiraled but twisted to look flat, 2 stomatal bands, pointed.

- Pollen cones: many, tight terminal clusters.

- Seed cones: many, shiny, hooked flexible scales, terminal.

Sequoia Sempervirens

- Needles: dark green/blue, pointed but not sharp, bright stomatal bands

- Twigs: Remnant areas of where buds used to be (brown tissue at yearly growth locations).

- Cones: solitary, terminal, wrinkled scales

Sequoiadendron giganteum

- Scales and awls: can be sharp

- Branches: whip like

- seed cones: larger, wrinkled scales

- pollen cones: small, round, yellow

Taxodium distichum

- needles: alternate, deciduous, once pinnate, soft.

- Cones: globular, scales mush together to look like animal scat, disintegrate at maturity.

Metasequoia glyptostroibes

- needles: soft, opposite, bipinnate

- cones: globular, very well defined scales, smooth scale edges.

Taxus brevifolia

- needles: thick, pointed, grove in upper surface, 2 ranked, dark green.

- Aril: seed pokes out of the top of red fleshy tissue.

- bark: red/brown/orange

- dioecious

Sciadopitaceae

- Clados: Photosynthetic stem tissues that look like needles, whorled.

- True leaves: Little brown scales on the twig.

- Cones: flexible, fan shaped.

- monecious

Araucaria araucana

- Awls: thick, sharp, spiraled, dark green, shiny.

- male cones: longer, hooked edges.

- female cones: round, fall apart at maturity, large-ish.

Gingko biloba

Hylocomnium splendens

Kindbergia oregana

Plagiothecium undulatum

Plagomnium insigne

Neckera douglasii

Rhizomnium glabrescens

Adiantum pedatum

Blechnum spicant

Gymnocarpium dryopteris

oak fern

Polypodium glycyrrhiza

Polystichum munitum

Pteridum aquilium

bracken fern