Endocrine glands
Ductless glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Exocrine glands
Glands that release their secretions via ducts.
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Endocrine glands
Ductless glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Exocrine glands
Glands that release their secretions via ducts.
Hormones
Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream to target cells.
Feedback loop
A regulatory mechanism where the output of a system affects its input.
Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis
An important regulatory system in the endocrine system, involving the hypothalamus in the brain and the pituitary gland.
Primary disturbance
An endocrine disorder where the problem originates at the gland that directly produces the hormone.
Secondary disturbance
An endocrine disorder where the problem lies with the stimulating hormones that affect the target gland.
Pituitary gland
An endocrine gland located at the base of the brain, connected to the hypothalamus.
Neurohypophysis
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
Adenoma
A benign tumor.
Diabetes insipidus
A condition characterized by a deficit of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
A hormone that helps regulate fluid balance in the body.
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
A condition characterized by an excess of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Diuretics
Medications that promote increased urination.
Goiter
Enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Hypothyroidism
A condition characterized by an underactive thyroid gland.
Hyperthyroidism
A condition characterized by an overactive thyroid gland.
Parathyroid glands
Small glands located near the thyroid gland, which produce parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Hypoparathyroidism
A condition characterized by insufficient parathyroid hormone (PTH).
PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)
A hormone that regulates calcium levels in the blood.
Paresthesia
An abnormal sensation, such as tingling or prickling.
Tetany
A condition characterized by muscle spasms or cramping.
Dysrhythmias
Irregular heartbeats.
Hyperparathyroidism
A condition characterized by excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Osteoporosis
A condition characterized by weakened bones.
Renal calculi
Kidney stones.
Pancreas
An organ that produces hormones like insulin and glucagon, as well as digestive enzymes.
Islets of Langerhans
Specialized cells within the pancreas that produce hormones.
Insulin
A hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose levels.
Glucagon
A hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels.
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
A group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
A serious acute complication primarily associated with Type 1 diabetes, characterized by the buildup of ketones in the blood.
Ketones
Byproducts of fat breakdown.
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
A serious acute complication of diabetes.
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar.
Adrenal cortex
The outer part of the adrenal glands, which produces various steroid hormones.
Adrenal insufficiency
A condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough adrenal cortex hormones, also known as Addison's disease.
Addison's Disease
A condition caused by a deficiency of adrenal cortex hormones.
Glucocorticoid excess
A condition characterized by excessive levels of glucocorticoid hormones, also known as Cushing syndrome.
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by excessive levels of glucocorticoid hormones.
Cortisol
A glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex.
Moon face
A characteristic facial appearance in Cushing syndrome, with a rounded face and ruddy color.
Buffalo hump
A fat pad that can develop between the scapulae in Cushing syndrome.
Striae
Stretch marks, which can be fragile and present in Cushing syndrome.
Immune response
The body's defense mechanism against pathogens.
Erythrocyte production
The production of red blood cells.
Catabolism
The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones.
Insulin resistance
A condition where the body's cells do not respond normally to insulin.
Glucose intolerance
A condition where the body has difficulty regulating blood glucose levels.
Autoimmune reaction
A condition where the body's immune system attacks its own tissues.
Hypotension
Low blood pressure.