Endocrine Vocab

Here is a vocabulary list based on the information in the source "Patho Endocrine Lecture D2L.pdf" [NEW SOURCE]:

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Endocrine glands: Ductless glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream1 .

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Exocrine glands: (Implied by contrast) Glands that release their secretions via ducts2 .

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Hormones: Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream to target cells.

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Feedback loop: A regulatory mechanism where the output of a system affects its input. The source mentions a "simple feedback loop"1 .

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Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis: An important regulatory system in the endocrine system, involving the hypothalamus in the brain and the pituitary gland1 .

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Primary disturbance: An endocrine disorder where the problem originates at the gland that directly produces the hormone1 .

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Secondary disturbance: An endocrine disorder where the problem lies with the stimulating hormones that affect the target gland1 .

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Pituitary gland: An endocrine gland located at the base of the brain, connected to the hypothalamus1 .

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Neurohypophysis: The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland3 .

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Adenoma: A benign tumor3 . The source mentions it in the context of potential causes of diabetes insipidus3 .

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Diabetes insipidus: A condition characterized by a deficit of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)3 .

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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): A hormone that helps regulate fluid balance in the body3 .

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Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH): A condition characterized by an excess of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)3 .

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Diuretics: Medications that promote increased urination3 . Used in the treatment of SIADH3 .

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Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland4 . Can occur in hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism4 .

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Hypothyroidism: A condition characterized by an underactive thyroid gland4 ....

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Hyperthyroidism: A condition characterized by an overactive thyroid gland4 ....

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Parathyroid glands: Small glands located near the thyroid gland, which produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)2 .

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Hypoparathyroidism: A condition characterized by insufficient parathyroid hormone (PTH)4 .

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PTH (Parathyroid Hormone): A hormone that regulates calcium levels in the blood4 ....

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Paresthesia: An abnormal sensation, such as tingling or prickling4 . A manifestation of hypoparathyroidism4 .

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Tetany: A condition characterized by muscle spasms or cramping4 . A manifestation of hypoparathyroidism4 .

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Dysrhythmias: Irregular heartbeats4 . A manifestation of hypoparathyroidism4 .

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Hyperparathyroidism: A condition characterized by excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH)6 .

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Osteoporosis: A condition characterized by weakened bones6 . A manifestation of hyperparathyroidism6 .

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Renal calculi: Kidney stones6 . A manifestation of hyperparathyroidism6 .

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Pancreas: An organ that produces hormones like insulin and glucagon, as well as digestive enzymes2 ....

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Islets of Langerhans: Specialized cells within the pancreas that produce hormones6 .

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Insulin: A hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose levels6 .

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Glucagon: A hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels6 .

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Diabetes Mellitus (DM): A group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)2 . The source lists four classifications: type 1, type 2, gestational, and diabetes due to other causes2 .

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Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): A serious acute complication primarily associated with Type 1 diabetes, characterized by the buildup of ketones in the blood7 .

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Ketones: Byproducts of fat breakdown7 .

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Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS): A serious acute complication of diabetes (not detailed in this source, but mentioned as a type of acute complication)2 .

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Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar2 .

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Adrenal cortex: The outer part of the adrenal glands, which produces various steroid hormones5 ....

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Adrenal insufficiency: A condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough adrenal cortex hormones, also known as Addison's disease5 ....

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Addison's Disease: A condition caused by a deficiency of adrenal cortex hormones8 .

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Glucocorticoid excess: A condition characterized by excessive levels of glucocorticoid hormones, also known as Cushing syndrome5 ....

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Cushing Syndrome: A condition caused by excessive levels of glucocorticoid hormones7 .

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Cortisol: A glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex3 .... The source mentions its function and physiologic effects are to be related to Addison disease and Cushing syndrome5 .

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Moon face: A characteristic facial appearance in Cushing syndrome, with a rounded face and ruddy color8 .

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Buffalo hump: A fat pad that can develop between the scapulae in Cushing syndrome8 .

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Striae: Stretch marks, which can be fragile and present in Cushing syndrome8 .

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Immune response: The body's defense mechanism against pathogens8 . Suppressed in Cushing syndrome8 .

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Erythrocyte production: The production of red blood cells8 . Stimulated in Cushing syndrome8 .

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Catabolism: The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones8 . Increased catabolism of bone and protein occurs in Cushing syndrome8 .

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Insulin resistance: A condition where the body's cells do not respond normally to insulin8 . Increased in Cushing syndrome8 .

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Glucose intolerance: A condition where the body has difficulty regulating blood glucose levels8 . Possible in Cushing syndrome8 .

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Autoimmune reaction: A condition where the body's immune system attacks its own tissues8 . A common cause of Addison's disease8 .

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Hypotension: Low blood pressure9 . A manifestation of Addison's disease9 .