Ablative Case

What it can do

More ways

Ablative of means/instrument

Did an action through the means of (with something)

e.g. Manu scribit (Writes with his hand)

e.g. Gladio pugnat (Fights with his sword)

has no ab/a

Ablative of accompaniment (needs “cum")

With whom someone does something (requires “cum”)

e.g. Cum amicis venit

Ablative of Cause/Reason

Because/due to something

e.g. Timore fugit (he fled because of fear)

e.g. Glaudio laetus est (He is happy because of joy)

Ablative of comparison

Used with comparison adjectives, indicating superiority or inferiority

"Frater me fortior est” - My brother is stronger than me

Instead of quam, the thing/person being compared may be in the ablative

Ablative Of Seperation

Sometimes used with prepositions (ab, de, ex)

E.g. Liberatus metus est

When used not with preposition, the verb itself indicates seperation

e.g. liberavit - free from

Ablative Of Place Where

Preposition + ablative

Indicates where and

uses predominantly “in” or “sub” + abl

In urbe manet - He stays in the city

Ablative Of Time

translated with “at”, “on”, “in”

Using just the abl - no prep

e.g. Magister venit primo die - He arrived on the fifth day

Ablative of manner

How an action was done (not by which) - often uses “cum”

e.g. Cum gaudio venit - He comes with joy

e.g. Magna virtute pugnat - He fights with virtue

Ablative Of Agent

By whom an action is done

has ab/a

e.g. Librum a magistro laudatus est (the book was praised by the teacher)

Ablative of genitive/in respect

What quality is being described or respect

e.g. Puella pulchra forma est

The girl was beautiful in terms of her appearance.

Not in regards to possession

Ablative Of Origin

States where something is from

May be with ab/ex

Like ablative of seperation