TOPIC 1 - CELLS (REGENTS)

Homeostasis

The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal balanced environment. Failure can result in sickness or death.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the cells of an organism

Organic molecules

Contain skeleton structures of carbon with hydrogen and oxygen

Carbohydrates (starch)

Basic unit: Glucose (simple sugars)

Foods found: Grains, vegetables, fruit

Proteins

Basic unit: Amino acid (20 kinds)

Food found: Meat, egg whites, beans

Lipids

Basic Unit: Fatty acid & Glycerol

Food found: Animal fats, nuts, oils

Nucleic acid

Basic Unit: Nucleotide

Food found: Small amounts in all foods

Organization of living things

cells

tissues

organs

organ systems

organism (biggest)

Organelles

Small parts that make up a cell (each has at least one specific function)

Vacuoles

Store water and waste (large in plant cells, small in animal cells)

Ribosome

located on the ER or in cytoplasm. Where proteins are made (protein synthesis). Very small and represented by a dot

Mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration in both plant and animal cells

Formula for cellular respiration

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)

Chloroplasts

In plant cells; where the process of photosynthesis occurs

Formula for photosynthesis

sun’s energy + carbon dioxide + water = glucose + water + oxygen

Nucleus

Control center of the cell and contains DNA (the program or code of life)

Cytoplasm

Liquid media that fills the cell

Cell membrane

• Separated the contents of the cell from the outside environment

• Controls the transport of materials into and out of the cell (selective permeability)

• Cellular communication: Recognizes and responds to chemical signals by using receptor molecules

Passive transport/diffusion

The movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to area of low concentration (no energy used)

Active transport

Moving a molecules from low concentration to high concentration (uses energy in the form of ATP)

Digestive system

What it does: Breaks down food into nutrients and puts them into blood stream

Parts of the system: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine rectum

Organelles with same function as Digestive system

Vacuole & Lysosome

Circulatory system

What it does: Carries glasses and nutrients throughout the body

Parts of the system: Heart, arteries, veins and capillaries

Organelles with same function as circulatory system

Cytoplasm, ER, or Golgi

Respiratory system

What it does: Exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen

Parts of the system: Lungs, alveoli, diaphragm

Organelles with same function as respiratory system

Cell membrane

Excretory system

What it does: Removes wastes from the blood and then from the body

Parts of the system: Kidneys, bladder, and urethra

Organelles with same function as excretory system

Cell membrane or vacuole

Nervous system

what it does: Fast control of the functioning of all body systems

parts of the system: brain, spinal cord, and nerve cells

Organelles with same function as nervous system

nucleus

Endocrine system

what it does: slow control of all functioning of all body systems

Parts of the system: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads

Organelles with same function as endocrine system

nucleus (ENDOCRINE)