Sexuality

What was the purpose of writing homosexual history in the 1960’s?

Prove they had always existed and provide legal justification for changing laws

What did Hyde demonstrate?

Homophobia had always been a tool used by statecraft

McIntosh

Homosexual best understood as a product of western modernism rather than a pathological type that had always existed

McIntosh proved there was homosexual activity outside the west…

but not a lot of homosexuals

D’Amelio

Advance of capitalism allowed men to live away from their families and conceive their sexual identity separately

How had the patriarchy helped advance homosexuality?

Men enjoyed privileges of going to work, living alone and socialising amongst themselves

Faidman

Cultural affirmation of middle class female friendship provided scope for intimacy amongst women

Female sexuality is more…

malleable than male sexuality

What is Foucaults overarching argument

The very idea of an intrinsic human sexuality was a historical invention of 19th century Europe, created by sexologists and the law

What power have state structures encouraged people to have over themselves

self-policing

cook

Sexuality was not only a personal issue, but rather one which was of core importance to social governance

What is incitement discourse

Sexuality is talked about and studied to such an extent the hypothetical definitions of different sexualities self-manifest

Lochrie

Late medieval people she studies would find the concept of a sexual norm incomprehensible

Wittig

Heterosexuality had been embedded in the western mind since Plato

Mitchell

heterosexuality emerged as … an identity not simply through top-down impositions of the state but rather from multiple sources

Define prostitution in a medieval context (Karras)

certain type of person rather than a person that did certain things

What type of woman was classed as a prostitute?

Any woman who stepped out of line sexually, but especially whores

Why wasn’t Rykener charged with prostituion?

It was a womans crime

What evidence is there to suggest the court wasn’t sure if Rykener was a sodomite?

Other court records don’t shy away from calling people sodomites but these records say it is unspeakable and unmentionable

Define gender labour

Labour performed by other to inscribe gender

Define gendered labour

Modes of labour which are culturally coded as appropriate or specific genders

Give an example of gender labour in the Rykener case

Anna and Elizabeth were the first to dress Rykener as a woman

Why is Karras and Boyd’s reading of Anna’s gender labour problematic

Suggests cross dressing was done because it was an economic opportunity

What does Britby do in the Rykener transcripts?

provide the masculine balance to Rykeners femininity

What was the early modern definition of a a paedophile?

to be a particular sort of person, but not one whose identity was defined by who he had sex with

What do the Old Bailey trial papers tell us about paedophilia?

306 listed cases but most incomplete because people like Gowder fled to France before the trial was over

What appear to eb the motivations for child rape?

Drunkenness

Curing venereal diseases

What was Moulcers justification for rape?

wrongly directed his lust to outside his unconsummated marriage

What was the European view of sexuality?

Phallocentric one

What was the culmination of understanding lesbianism?

Aquinas’ Summa Theologica

Give the St Paul quote attitudes towards lesbianism were based on

“God have them up unto vile affections; for even their women did change their natural use into that which is against nature”

Name 3 consequences of the 650 Councils of Paris and Rouen

Prohibited nuns sleeping together

Required them to keep cell doors open

Oil lamp needed to burn the whole night

What does Dante’s ignorance of lesbianism suggest?

A willingness to ignore it

Give 3 reasons lesbians were largely ignored

Only acted to increase their heat for men

Evidence of women trying to emulate men

Lack of understanding about female sexual organs

Give a Brantome (france, 16th century) quote

Let us excuse young girls and widows for loving these frivolous and vain pleasures

Charles V statute of 1532

if anyone commits impurity with a beast…or a woman with a woman they have forfeited their lives

What sweeping statement did Augustine make which would influence all western attitudes towards lesbianism

About intercourse which did not take place in a vessel fit for procreation

If they wanted to make false accusations against Bendetta it…

would have been easier to accuse her of lying with a man

Give 3 factors which heightened suspicion around Benedetta

Reformation concerns eg priest was gullible

Council of Trent had just reaffirmed free will

was from the mountains where Catholicism only had a strenuous foothold

What are the early genealogies of homosexual history guilty of doing?

prescribing lesbianism as an antidote to everything toxic about homosexuality

What is the view taken by early French feminists?

heterosexuality demands a full picture of femininity, not one shaped by phallocentric thinking

Give 2 purposes/ meanings of queerness

compact alternative

emphasises affinity over indentity

queer foreground is the belief…

sexual identity is flexible