APUSH Time Period 4

Hamiltonian Vision

Favored a strong federal government, industrial economy, national bank, and loose interpretation of the Constitution; supported by elites and merchants

Jeffersonian Vision

Favored states’ rights, agricultural economy, strict Constitution interpretation, and rule by the “common farmer”

First Party System

Political division between Federalists (Hamilton) and Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson); caused by disagreements over government power

John Adams Presidency

Marked by foreign tensions and controversial domestic laws that expanded federal authority

XYZ Affair

French officials demanded bribes from US diplomats; caused anti-French sentiment and led to the Quasi-War

Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws that limited free speech and targeted immigrants; caused backlash and strengthened opposition parties

Quasi-War

Undeclared naval war between US and France; result of rising tensions after XYZ Affair

Revolution of 1800

Peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans; proved stability of US democracy

Marshall Court

Strengthened federal power and established judicial authority under Chief Justice John Marshall

Marbury v. Madison

Established judicial review, allowing courts to declare laws unconstitutional

McCulloch v. Maryland

Ruled that federal laws are supreme over state laws; upheld national bank

Gibbons v. Ogden

Established federal control over interstate commerce

Thomas Jefferson Presidency

Focused on reducing federal power but expanded it through major decisions like the Louisiana Purchase

Louisiana Purchase

US bought land from France, doubling its size; encouraged westward expansion

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Explored new western lands; increased knowledge of territory

Embargo Act

Stopped US trade to avoid war; hurt American economy

Barbary Wars

Conflicts with North African pirates; showed US willingness to defend trade

War of 1812

Conflict with Britain caused by impressment and trade issues; increased nationalism and weakened Federalists

Hartford Convention

Federalist meeting opposing war; led to decline of party due to perceived disloyalty

Manifest Destiny

Belief that US should expand across North America; drove westward expansion

Monroe Doctrine

Declared Americas off-limits to European colonization; asserted US influence

Indian Removal Act

Law allowing forced relocation of Native Americans from Southeast

Trail of Tears

Forced march of Cherokee to Oklahoma; thousands died due to harsh conditions

Texan Independence

Texas gained independence from Mexico after conflict with American settlers

Battle of the Alamo

Early defeat for Texans that became a symbol of resistance

James K. Polk Presidency

Focused on expansion; acquired Oregon, Texas and California

Mexican-American War

War over Texas border and expansion; US victory led to large land gains

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ended war; US gained California and Southwest territory

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival that inspired reform movements

Market Revolution

Growth of industry and transportation; changed economy and society

Era of Good Feelings

Period of national unity after War of 1812 itch one major political party

Second Party System

Democrats vs. Whigs; increased voter participation and political competition

Andrew Jackson Presidency

Represented “common man”; expanded executive power

Jacksonian Democracy

Expansion of voting rights to all white men; increased political participation

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina tried to nullify federal tariffs; Jackson opposed states’ rights in this case

Bank War

Jackson opposed and destroyed the national bank; showed distrust of elites

Abolition Movement

Movement to end slavery; increased sectional tension

Women’s Rights Movement

Advocated for equality; began with Seneca Falls Convention

Temperance Movement

Aimed to reduce alcohol consumption

Education Reform

Expanded public education access

Sectionalism

Growing division between North and South over slavery and economy

Expansion of Slavery Debate

New territories raised question of slavery’s spread; increased conflict