PUBH 101 pregnancy and childbirth

what are factors to consider when deciding to become a parent

health, age, emotional preparedness, relationships, financial circumstances

how many chromosomes do each ovum and sperm carry

23

what is infertility

the inability to conceive after trying for a year or more

what are causes of female infertility

tubal blockage, PID, endometriosis, failure to ovulate, anatomical abnormalities, benign growths in uterus, thyroid disease, unexplained

what are causes of male infertility

hypothalamic pituitary disease, testicular disease, sperm transport disorders, post testicular disorders, unexplained.

what are ways to treat infertility

assisted reproductive technology, intrauterine insemination, IVF, surrogacy

what are signs and symptoms of pregnancy

missed period or slight bleeding, nausea, breast tenderness, increased urination, sleep, fatigue, emotional upset

changes in a woman’s body during pregnancy

uterus enlarges, breasts enlarge, muscles and ligaments stretch, blood volume doubles, lungs and kidneys become more efficient, weight gain, skin stretches

what is the average weight gain during pregnancy

27.5 pounds

what happens in the first trimester

fertilized egg divides and multiples of 32-128 cells and travels to uterus where it is called a blastocyst, around the 6th or 7th day it attaches to the uterine wall. blastocyst becomes embryo by end of second week and cells differentiate into 3 layers. chorionic villi form, all major body structures formed between 2nd and 9th weeks.

what happens in the second trimester

fetus grows to about 14 inches and 1.5 pounds, requires large amounts of food, water, and oxygen. Mother begins to feel fetal movement

what happens in the third trimester

fetus gains most of its birth weight, respiratory and digestive organs develop more fully, mothers blood brings immunity to the fetus

what percent of babies are born with a major birth defect

about 3%

what are non-invasive screening tests

quadruple marker screen, cell free DNA

what is quadruple marker screen (QMS)

noninvasive screening that tests maternal blood around 16-19 weeks, estimates the probability of fetal abnormality

what is cell free DNA test

a prenatal test that is used to identify chromosomal disorders around 10 weeks

Invasive diagnostic tests

CVS, amniocentesis. both carry a slight risk of miscarriage

what is chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

performed at 10-12 weeks, removal of a tiny section of the chorionic villi

what is amniocentesis

performed around 16-22 weeks, removal of fluid from around developing fetus

ultrasonography

high frequency sound waves that are used to create a sonogram

what is low birth weight linked to

increased risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, and schizophrenia

what is high birth weight in females linked to

increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, and some cancers

what are reasons for complications to arise

maternal diseases and exposure, placental factors, fetal conditions

what are some complications of pregnancy

ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, stillbirth, preeclampsia, eclampsia, placenta previa, placental abruption, gestational diabetes, preterm labor and birth, labor induction

what is the first stage of labor

cervical effacement, contractions, small amount of bleeding, sometimes amniotic sac ruptures, last part of first stage is active labor, 10 cm dilated

how long do contractions last

20 seconds every 15-20 minutes

what is the second stage of labor

baby is pushed out, head usually delivered first, baby’s chest expands and lungs fill with air

what is the third stage of labor

delivery of the placenta, baby is assessed with apgar scale, newborn tested for 29 specific disorders

when is a cesarean delivery necessary

baby’s head is too large, mother has serious health condition, mother is overweight or has diabetes, difficult labor, fetal distress, dangerous infections

what is the rate of repeat cesarean deliveries

88.7%

what is the postpartum period

3 months following childbirth and a critical family adjustment period

when does lactation begin

about 3 days after birth

what is the recommended period for exclusive breastfeeding

6 months, only about 22.3% of mothers follow recommendations

what percent of new mothers experience baby blues

50-80%

what is postpartum depression

a prolonged period of anxiety, guilt, fear and self blame

what percent of new mothers experience postpartum depression

9-16%