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Speed
Rate at which an object moves distance per unit of time.
Velocity
Speed in a given direction.
Acceleration
Rate of change of velocity, measured in units of speed per time.
Gravity
Force that attracts objects toward one another, experienced by all falling objects.
Momentum
Product of an object's mass and velocity.
Angular Momentum
Momentum associated with spinning or orbiting objects.
Torque
A special force required to change an object's angular momentum.
Mass
A measure of the amount of matter in an object.
Weight
The force that a scale exerts upon an object, dependent on gravity.
Kinetic Energy
Energy of an object due to its motion.
Radiative Energy
Energy carried by light.
Potential Energy
Stored energy that can be converted into kinetic energy.
Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
Gravitational Potential Energy
Energy determined by an object's mass, the strength of gravity, and its height above the ground.
Universal Law of Gravitation
States that every mass attracts every other mass with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Newton's First Law of Motion
An object moves at constant velocity unless acted upon by a net force.
Newton's Second Law of Motion
Force equals mass times acceleration.
Newton's Third Law of Motion
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Center of Mass
Point around which orbiting objects revolve, due to conservation of angular momentum.
Orbital Energy
Total mechanical energy in an orbit, the sum of kinetic and gravitational potential energy.
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