Unit 5 Key Terms and Events

Enlightened absolutist

Absolutist monarchs who incorporated Enlightenment ideas without giving up their control

War of Austrian Succession

This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa, for the Salic law prevented a woman from solely ruling the state

Romanov family

royal family that ruled Russia for over 300 years that was overthrown and killed by Lenin

Partition of Poland

Division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe.

tories

Another name for Loyalists

whigs

Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government

Estates General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

third estate

97% of the population (the rest of France) They consisted of the bourgeoisie, the san-culottes and the peasants; they paid high taxes and had no special privileges

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

Storming of the Bastille

Destruction of the prison seen as the true start of the French Revolution.

Commune of Paris

Radical government of the city of Paris

the great fear

The panic and insecurity that struck French peasants in the summer of 1789 and led to their widespread destruction of manor houses and archives.

Decleration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

National Assembly adopted a statement of revolutionary ideas that ended special rights of 1st and 2nd estates, allowed french equal rights, and gave the power to the state over the church. Many apposed revolutionary reforms.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries.

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.

girondins

A moderate republican faction active in the French Revolution from 1791 to 1793. The Girondin Party favored a policy of extending the French Revolution beyond France's borders.

Sans-culottes

In the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages

Comitee of Public Safety

Creted by national Assembly to stop the Reign of Terror and to protect from foreign and Internal Rebellion leader is Maximillien Robespierre

Reign of Terror

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.

Cult of the Supreme Being

a religion based on deism devised by Maximilien Robespierre, intended to become the state religion after the French Revolution

guillotine

device used during the Reign of Terror to execute thousands by beheading

the directory

Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years.

napoleonic code

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy

Battle of Trafalgar

an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson.

continental system

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

grand army

Combined French armies under Napoleon. Virtually destroyed during Napoleon's ill-fated Russian campaign.

battle of waterloo

This was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)

Joseph II of Austria

The most radical royal reformer; son and successor of Maria Theresa; introduced legal reforms & freedom of press; supported freedom of worship; abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor with cash

Frederick I

He was the successor and uncle of Christian II. He encouraged Lutheran preachers to spread their evangelical doctrines and to introduce a Lutheran liturgy into the Danish church service.

Frederick II

-1712-1786;King of Prussia, aggressive in foreign affairs. Used military to increase power. Encouraged religious tolerance and legal reform.

Ivan the Terrible

(1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed, even killing his own son. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia.

Edmund Burke

(1729-1797) Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought.

Louis XV

grandson of Louis XIV and king of France from 1715 to 1774 who led France into the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War (1710-1774)

Louis XVI

- King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Olympe de Gouges

French journalist who demanded equal rights for women.

Robespierre

leader of the Committee of Public Safety; chief architect of the Reign of Terror

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Prince Metternich

Austrian minister, believed in the policies of legitimacy and intervention (the military to crush revolts against legitimacy). Leader of the Congress of Vienna