Cloning and Biotechnology

what is a clone

offspring produced by mitosis that is genetically identical to its parent plant

what does asexual reproducting mean

the generation of new individuals, using mitosis to produce clones , naturally

what is reproductive cloning

using artificial cloning methods to produce 2 or more individuals that are clones of each other

what does vegetative propigation mean

the production of plant clones from non reproductive tissue.

what does perennating organ mean

plant structures which allows them to survive in adverse conditions. Contain stored food and can remain dormant in soil

what does horticulture mean

branch of agriculture that deals with plants

what does agriculture mean

the breeding if animals, plants or fungi for food or other resources

what does taking cuttings involve

removing and planting short sections of stem of a plant in order to produce clones

give examples of natural ways of vegetation proprigation in plants

bulbs, runners, rhizomes, stem tubers

why is natural cloning in plants very common but not in animals

plants have many totipotent cells but animals do not

give artificual ways of vegitation propigation

cutting, bulb splitting, rhizome splitting

which crops are commonly propagated by cloning

banana, sugar cane, sweet potato

what ways can you improve vegetative propigation by cutting

• use a non flowering stem

• use hormone rooting powder

• keep cuttings well watered

• create a humid enviroment

what does tissue culture mean

the method of growing plant cells, in isolation from the parent plant under sterile conditions in or on a nutrient culture medium of known composition

what does micropropagation mean

the process of making large numbers of genetically identical offspring from a single parent plant using tissue culture technique

what does explant mean

the material removed from a parent plant for tissue culture

what does callus mean

a mass of undifferencated plant cells that have been grown from an explant

outline the process of micropropagation by callus tissue culture

• take meristem of the plant you want to clone

• sterrilsed using chemicals, bleach or ethanol

• then is added to a petri dish containg a balance of plant hormones, which stimulate plant growth

• callus transfered to a new environment containg hormones and nutrients which stimulate development/ or into plantlets

• then planted

why is microptopagation used over sexual reproduction

• if plant does not readily produce seeds

• desirable plant is very rare

• can produce very large number quickly

why is micropropagation used over vegatative propagation

• plant might not respond well to natural cloning

• if its required to be pathogen free

what are some advantages and disadvanteges of tissue culture

• quick and can save almost extinct plants, all times of the year

• expensive, could transfer diseases, easier for crops to get a disease

what does binary fission mean

the method of aseual reproduction in bacteria

name the natural cloning methods

mitotic parthenogenesis

damage

monozygotic twinning

budding

fragmentation

what does SCNT stand for

somatic cell nuclear transfer

what does natural cloning mean

when animals produce genetically identicle offspring using asexual reprodcution

outline natrual cloning in invertebrates (worms)

• fragmentation/ regeneration forming new genetically indentical offspirng

• buds break off the parent organisms and grwos in to the new genetically identical offspring

outline natural cloning in verterbrates

• when an early embryo splits to two genetically identical embryos

• each grows independently, so genetically identical offspring so monozygotic twins formn

what is a monozygotic twin

genetically identical offspring that come from the same embryo that then splits

• they are identical twins

what is artificial twinning

process of splitting an early stage embryo into multiple embryos which are then implanted into a surrogate

what does artifical twinning involve

• parents with ideal characteristics are bred

• female given hormones to produce more mature ova

• used for IVF

outlie the process of artificial twinning

• fertilised egg undergoing early cell division to form an embryo

• embryo then divides into 2 half embyros

• embryos then deveopl further in a lab before being implanted intp mother

• then 2 identical twins are born

outline the process of SCNT

• somatic cell is taken from one animal to be cloned and the nucleus is removed to be cloned

• then an unfertilised egg from an egg donor is selected and the nucleus is removed

• they are then fused together by an electric shock which stimulates the devision

• its then added to a surrogate mothers uterus

na,e some uses of animal cloning

• medical research

• conservation

• ariculture

• pharming

• stem cells

what are some pros of animal cloning

• animals with good characterisitcs can have lots of offspring

• SCNT can reporduce endangered species

what are some cons of animal cloning

• high miscarriage rate during implantation or malformed offspirng

• animals produced have shorted life span