Exam #1 - Health promotion of infants

WHO and AAP infant feeding recommendation

Breast milk for first 6 months

Primary nutrition for first year

Breast milk or formula only

Water for infants

No extra water for first 4 months

Cup transition age

Wean to sippy cup at 6 months or later

Vitamin D supplementation

Recommended for infants

Iron supplementation

As indicated especially for preterm infants

Honey and cow's milk

Not allowed until 1 year

Age solids may begin

4-6 months when developmentally ready

Readiness signs for solids

Good head control and sits with minimal support

First solid food recommended

Iron-fortified cereal

New food introduction timing

Every 3-5 days to assess for allergies

Food texture for infants

Mashed or chopped

Finger foods introduction

9-10 months with pincer grasp

Separation anxiety definition

Distress when separated from caregiver

Separation anxiety stage: Protest

Screaming, clinging, aggression toward strangers

Separation anxiety stage: Despair

Withdrawal, depression, regression

Separation anxiety stage: Detachment

Forms new relationships, appears happy

Stranger anxiety onset

Starts at 6 months

Stranger anxiety definition

Fear of unfamiliar people

1 month milestone

Discriminates parents' voice; calls out in distress

2 month milestone

Smiles in return; responds to voice and smile

3 month milestone

Follows movement; expresses dislike to taste/sound

4 month milestone

Smiles to sight/sound; stops crying when parent speaks

5 month milestone

Recognizes parent; bonding occurs

6 month milestone

Stranger danger and anxiety develop

7 month milestone

Looks between parent and object for help

8 month milestone

Communicates emotions; follows parent's gaze

9 month milestone

Separation anxiety; follows pointing; vocalizes for attention

10 month milestone

Has fears; responds to name

11 month milestone

Seeks adult help for objects

12 month milestone

Proto-imperative pointing; seeks parent interest in objects

Language at 9 months

Understands "no"

Language at 10 months

Combines syllables

Language at 1 year

One-word sentences; 3-5 words

Posterior fontanel closure

6-8 weeks

Anterior fontanel closure

12-18 months

Fontanel closure pattern

Posterior closes first, anterior closes later

Birth immunization

Hepatitis B

Hep B schedule

Birth, 2 months, 6 months

RSV consideration

Birth to 6 months

2-4-6 month vaccines

DTaP, Rotavirus, HIB, IPV, PCV (DR. HIP)

2 month vaccines

DR. HIP + Hep B

4 month vaccines

DR. HIP

6 month vaccines

DR. HIP + Hep B + Influenza I (+ COVID optional)

1 year vaccines

HIB, MMR, VAR, Hep A x2 (+ IPV/Flu if missed)

Sleep safety position

On back

Bed sharing

Discouraged

Safe sleep environment

Firm mattress, fitted sheet, no toys/linens/pillows

Mobile safety

Remove at 5 months

ABC sleep rule

Alone, Back, Crib

Car seat safety

Rear-facing in mid-back seat

Hot water safety temp

Less than 120°F

Choking prevention

Remove small objects and hazards

Crib safety standard

Slats less than 2⅜ inches apart

Fall prevention

Use safe gates

Appropriate infant toys

Rattles, soft balls, blocks, picture board books

Object permanence definition

Objects exist when out of sight

Object permanence age

Well developed by 10 months

Cephalocaudal development

Head to toe

Proximodistal development

Midline to periphery

General to specific development

General movements to precise skills

Simple to complex development

Skills progress from simple to complex

Symmetric development pattern

Bilateral and symmetric initially

Infant oral care

Wipe gums/teeth with damp cloth

First dental visit

At 1 year

Teething comfort measures

Rub gums, cold teething toys

Teething medications

Tylenol or ibuprofen up to 3 days