POLITICS & ADMINISTRATION

Politics

the study of “who gets what, when and how” as Harold Laswell states. Who gets power, authority, and leadership? When they are able to get such and how they able to get it?

Polis

the Greek city-state

Politics

the exercise of power, the science of government, the making of collective decisions, the allocations of scarce resources and the practice of deception and manipulation.

Governance

“the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented)”.

Good governance

entails sound public sector management (efficiency, effectiveness, and economy), accountability, exchange and the free flow of information (transparency), and a legal framework for development (justice, respect for human rights and liberties)

Good Governance

focusing on legitimacy (government should have the consent of the governed), accountability (ensuring transparency, being answerable for actions and media freedom), competence (effective policy making, implementation and service delivery), and respect for law and human rights

Rule of Law

to say that good governance manifested through the impartiality of fair legal framework such as the promotion of a full protection of human rights and dignity especially those members of minorities

Transparency

decisions were taken and their enforcement are done in a manner that follows rules and regulations. It also means that information is freely available and directly accessible to those who will be affected by such decisions and their enforcement. It also means that enough information is provided and that it is provided in easily understandable forms and media;

Responsiveness

Good governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe;

Consensus oriented

Good governance requires mediation of the different interest in society to reach a broad consensus in society on what is in the best interest of the whole community and how this can be achieved. It also requires a broad and long-term perspective on what is needed for sustainable human development and how to achieve the goals of such development;

Effectiveness and efficiency

Good governance means that process and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making the best use of resources at their disposal. The concept of efficiency in the context of good governance also covers the sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of the environment

Accountability.

is a crucial requirement for good governance

Politics

about power, influence, and decision-making (who gets what, when, how), while governance is the process of implementing those decisions through systems, laws, and administratio

Politics

sets the agenda (ideals, conflict resolution)

governance

executes it

Government

the specific body (institutions) that performs these functions, making them interconnected but distinct aspects of how a community is run

Governance

sets the overall direction, policies, and rules (the "what" and "why")

Administration

implements those policies and manages daily operations (the "how"), with governance being the strategic steering and administration the operational execution, working together to achieve goals

Politics

the process of making decisions for groups, involving the exercise of power, resource allocation, and governance, encompassing activities from running a government to influencing policy, and can refer to the study of these systems or a person's specific viewpoints on how things should be run. It is about how power is distributed, decisions are made, and conflicts are resolved within societies, from national affairs to workplace dynamics. 

Administration

to the process of managing and organizing the activities, resources, and responsibilities within an organization or system to achieve specific goals and objectives efficiently.

Public Policies

a defined courses of actions handed down by government officials & agencies in pursuit of national needs and goals.

Hierarchy

a structure that define d role of an individual inside of an organization

rules and regulation

policies that was determined under an atmosphere of collegiality.

Hierarchy

an organization to execute programs and plans or policies

rules and regulation

guidelines promulgated within the bounce and scope of its responsibility

Power

influence the voters through presentation of the direction of government (Platform of Government)

Organization

program-driven political party runned by pol. machinery (hierarchy in natl & local levels)

Leadership

incorruptible personality with honesty and integrity in off. (no derogatory records/anomalies)

Influence

extra ordinary qualities possessed by a leader (charisma, public appeal, etc.)

Timeliness

time element, politicking only played in a particular period of time (campaign period)

Issues

well-defined and well-projected discussions of issues affecting governance (problems, concerns)

Communication

public meetings for public awareness (symposiums, rallies, grapevine, etc.)

Security

means publicly accessible to ensure that the voice of the people was properly addressed & heared (secret balloting, computerization of electoral process, etc.)

Power

the ability or the right to do something; the ability to exercise authority over the others. It implies a hierarchy of control of the stronger over the weaker.

Expert Power

the leader possess some special knowledge or expertise;

Referent Power

based on the followers liking, admiring, or identifying with the leader

Reward Power

the leader’s capacity to mediate rewards for the follower

Legitimate Power

the follower’s perception that the leader has the legitimate right or authority to exercise influences over him or her

Coercive Power

the follower’s fear that non-compliance with the leader’s wishes will lead to punishment.

Authority

The right to command and direct, to be heard or obeyed by others” to be voluntarily accepted by the people and therefore exist without the imposition of sanctions

Human Resource

a ruler’s power is affected by the number of persons who obey him, cooperate with him, or provide him with special assistance, as well as by the position of such persons in the general population, and the extent and forms of their organizations

Skills and knowledge

power is also affected by the skill, knowledge and abilities of the people under him or around him, and the relation of their skills, knowledge and abilities to his needs

Intangible Factors

habits and attitudes toward obedience and submission, and the presence or absence of a common faith, ideology, or sense of mission, all affect the power of the ruler in relation to the people.

Material Resources

the degree to which the ruler controls property, natural resources, financial resources the economic system, means of communication, etc. that helps to determine the limits of his power

Sanctions

the enforcement of obedience used by the rulers against their subjects to supplement voluntary acceptance of their authority and to increase the degree of obedience to their commands

Board-Room (BORO) Politics

involves decision making by business elites and professionals, but with important public consequences. Ex. The Makati Business Club, The Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry. etc.;

Bureaucratic (BUREAU) Politics

rule making and adjudications by bureaucrats, with inputs from clients and professionals. Bureaucrats can make decisions favoring private business and political interests;

Congress (CON) Politics

involves policy making that affects private and public interests. Lobbying of interest representatives is both crucial and strategic through “who gets what, when and how”.

Chief Executive (CHEX) Politics

a process dominated by the Presidents, governors, mayors and their advisers wherein they are given full powers and authority to lead, govern and administer laws

Court-Room (CORO) Politics

court orders and decisions in response to interest groups and aggrieved individuals. Court decisions can put political opponents to jail, can delay political and non-political appointments, can delay the execution of legislative and executive decisions, etc. Issuance of TRO (Temporary Restraining Orders) by the court reveals just how political the courts are.

Multi-Media (MUME) Politics

means the galvanization of public opinion, usually though the newspapers, radio and television, and other forms of mass media

Faith-Based (FABA) Politics

one where decisions are made by leaders and members of religious groups and have political implications.

Game of the General (GAGE) Politics

involves the calculated decisions of the military and police generals and their subordinates to effect preferences in the political arena

Civil Society (CISO) Politics

the high profile socio-political engagement and proactive lobbying of voluntary groups such as NGO, Socio-Civic Societies, cause-oriented groups, people’s organizations, professional associations, etc

X-Men (XEN) Politics

includes factors and players that are less prominently mentioned, less openly named, less publicly involved but actively engaged in fixing and managing self-serving political decisions. A very good example of this are drug lords and vice lords who support (covert political operations) the career of politicians and bureaucrats who in return provide protection to syndicated crimes.

Political Idealism

the kind of politics that tells us in detail what is right. It is the law of our being which we desire what is right. Justice, equality and fairness aptly describe political idealism.

Political Realism

power exercised should be grounded on reality. All struggles are struggles for power at the level of interpersonal and nation-state relations. Power is always predicated by the desires of self-interest or national interest, creating as strong basis for the realist viewpoint of politics. “Might is right” aptly describe political realism.

Political Rationalism

reasons uses next the idea of freedom. The moral law is the free creation of our reason. Freedom and equality are the foundations of reasoning and the moral law among men. Reasons teaches all mankind who will but consult it, that being equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions. It is because we are free and equal that, in reason, we ought to act toward others as we think they should act toward us, and not treat others merely as means to our ends, but as having ends for their own.

Political Extremism

a school of thought that explains behavioral, decisional and associational patterns in politics. Those who put into action the political thought and construct of political thinkers and leaders without having to consider the context and the reality of their social epoch tend to remain dogmatists, fundamentalists and demagogues. The reality of today is the reality forever, is the favorite line of an extremists.

Organization

a system of co-operative activities of two or more persons.” Organization is the process of dividing up of the activities.

LINE ORGANIZATION

authority flows from top to bottom and responsibility flows from bottom to top.

FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION

the division of work and specialization. In each department, there is one expert. An expert is not only a counselor but also an administrator. He advices his subordinates. An Expert does not only bear responsibility of his department but also bear responsibility of all departments.

LINE AND STAFF ORGANIZATION

the line heads are assisted by specialist staff. In each department, there is one expert and some line personnels / line officials. Line official will do all managerial work and expert will give advice to line official or line personnel.

Span of Control

how many employees can a manager efficiently & effectively manage ? OR The number of persons who are directly responsible to the executive is called the span of control.

Formalization

how standardized an organization’s jobs are and the extent to which employee behavior is guide by rules and procedures.

WORK SPECIALIZATION

It is also known as division of labor. An organization is composed of man power of different specialization or skills. So there should be proper division of work among different workers.

CHAIN OF COMMAND

It is the line of authority extending from upper organizational levels to lower levels, which clarifies who reports to whom. Mangers need to consider it when organizing work because it helps employees with questions such as “Who do I report to?” and “ Who do I go to if I have a problem?”

Departmentalization

the process of breaking down an enterprise into various departments.

FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENTALIZATION

defines departments by the functions like accounting or purchasing.

GEOGRAPHICAL DEPARTMENTALIZATION

an arrangement of departments according to geographic area or territory.

PRODUCT DEPARTMENTALIZATION

Companies may have multiple products. . All common activities required to produce and market a product are grouped together.

PROCESS DEPARTMENTALIZATION

Departmentalization is done on the basis of processing.

CUSTOMER DEPARTMENTALIZATION

Customer divisions are divisions set up to service particular types of clients or customers

horizontal dimension

defines the basic departmentation i.e. production, marketing etc. Departmentation is the process of diving an enterprise into different parts i.e. smaller, flexible administrative units or sections.

Vertical dimension

the creation of hierarchy of superiors and subordinates, leading to the establishment of a managerial structure. It clearly defines that who will report to whom.

Matrix organization

hybrid structure. a combination of two or more organization structures.

Virtual organization

a network of firm held together by the product. might not have even have a permanent office. consists a group of companies, acting as one company to fulfill a need in the marketplace.

Centralization

the degree to which decision making takes place at upper levels of the organization.

Decentralization

the degree to which decision making takes place at lower-level

Tall Organisation Structure

a manager has to manage only a few subordinates. Thus very good in terms of Control, Close Supervision.

Flat Organisation Structure

a manager has to manage many subordinates. Thus, there is loose control and poor supervision.

Functional Structure

set up so that each portion of the organization is grouped according to its purpose. In this type of organization, for example, there may be a marketing department, a sales department and a production department.

Divisional Structure

s used in larger companies that operate in a wide geographic area or that have separate smaller organizations within the umbrella group to cover different types of products or market area

Matrix Structure

a hybrid of divisional and functional structure.

Line Organization

Oldest and Simplest Style. line of authority flows directly from top to bottom and the line of responsibility flows from bottom to top in opposite direction. Each departmental head has complete control over his section and he is fully authorized to select his labor, staff, purchases of raw materials, stores and to set the standards of output etc. The responsibility of each departmental head is clearly defined. Each department works as a self supporting unit.

Simplicity

It is easy to establish and simple to understand. The entire activities are broadly grouped into departments. Each departmental head having complete command over his department.

Strong in discipline

Due to unity of command and unified control it is possible to maintain strict discipline. The duties and responsibilities of each individual are clearly defined.

Unity of command

It establishes clear cut superior subordinate relationships. Each subordinate is responsible to only one superior. This develops a sense of responsibility and loyalty.

Undue reliance

Loss of one or two capable men may put the organization in difficulties.

Personal limitations

an individual executive cannot do justice to all different activities, because cannot be specialized in all trades.

Overload of work

Departmental heads are overloaded with various routine jobs hence they can not spend time for important managerial functions like planning, development, budgeting etc.

Functional Organization

main feature n is the division of work and specialization. In each department, there is one expert. An expert is not only a counselor but also an administrator. He advices his subordinates. An Expert does not only bear responsibility of his department but also bear responsibility of all departments.

Separation of work

Specialized and skilled supervisory attention is given to workers. The result is increase in rate of production and improved quality of work.

Ease of selection and training

Functional organization is based upon expert knowledge. The availability of guidance through experts make is possible to train the workers properly in comparatively sort span of time.

Indiscipline

Since the workers receive instructions from number of specialists it leads to confusion to whom they should follow.

Shifting of Responsibility

It is difficult for the top management to locate responsibility for the satisfactory work. Everybody tries to shift responsibilities on others for the faults and failures.

Increase in Cost

High salary is paid to the experts employed. This increases the total cost of the job.

line and staff organization

combines the line organization with staff departments that support and advise line department. In each department, there is one expert and some line personnels / line officials. Line official will do all managerial work and expert will give advice to line official or line personnel.

Departmentalization

the process of breaking down an enterprise into various departments. How jobs are grouped together.

Department

an organization unit that is headed by a manager who is responsible for its activities