11.1 and 11.2 Vocab AP Hug #2

acid deposition

The accumulation of acids on Earth's surface

acid precipitation

Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogens oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog.

air pollution

Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon, monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air.

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

The amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste

a measure of water pollution.

Commodity Theory

The idea that goods and services have value and can be traded or exchanged within a market economy.

Export Processing Zone

Region of a less-developed country that offer tax breaks and loosened labor restrictions to attract export-driven production processes, such as factories producing goods for foreign markets

sometimes called free-trade zone.

Nonpoint- source pollution

Pollution that originates from a large, diffuse area.

ozone

A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation and is found in that stratosphere, a zone 15 to 50 kilometers (9 to 30 miles) above Earth's surface.

Photochemical smog

An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions.

Point-source pollution

Pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source.

Sanitary landfill

A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gasses and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin.

Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)

A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers.

footloose industry

industry that is not tied to any particular location or country- can move locations based on what benefits them

Fossil fuels

An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago.

Consumption water usage

The use of water that evaporates rather than being returned to nature as a liquid.

demand

The quantity of something that people wish to consume and are able to buy.

fission

The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy

Vertical Inegration

An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process.

fusion

Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium.

Geothermal Energy

Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks.

Non-consumptive water usage

The use of water that is returned to nature as a liquid.

Nonrenewable energy

A source of energy that has a finite supply capable of being exhausted.

Passive solar energy systems

Solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanical devices.

pollution

Concentration of waste added to air, water, or land at a greater level than occurs in average air, water, or land.

potential reserve

The amount of a resource in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist.

proven reserve

The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits.

recycling

The separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of unwanted materials.

remanufacturing

The rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reuse, repaired, and new parts.

renewable energy

A source of energy that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people.

site factors

Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital.

situation factors

Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.

maquiladora

A factory built by a U.S. company in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico.

break-of-bulk point

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.

Bulk-gaining industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

bulk-reducing industry

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

New international division of labor

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.

Just-in-time delivery

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needing

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

growth poles

economic activities that are deliberately organized around one or more high-growth industries.

labor-market participation

A statistic that determines what percentage of an age group or gender is currently working

ecotourism

the practice and business of recreational travel based on concern for the environment

special economic zone

Region offering special tax breaks, eased environmental restrictions, and other incentives to attract foreign business and investment.

labor intensive industry

An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.

outsourcing

A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.

cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Fordist production

Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

Post-Fordist Production

Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.

supply

The quantity of something that producers have available for sale

biomass fuel

Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste

right-to-work laws

A state law forbidding requirements that workers must join a union to hold their jobs.

geothermal energy

Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks.

active solar energy

energy captured from sunlight with advanced technologies

economies of scale

factors that cause average costs of producing something to fall as the volume of its outputs increases. Gives specific countries an advantage over others.

animate power

Power supplied by people or animals.

tariffs

Taxes on imported goods